August is a unique month in the gemological calendar, celebrated for not one, but three distinct birthstones: sardonyx, peridot, and spinel. This trio offers a remarkable spectrum of color, from the banded earth tones of sardonyx and the vibrant olive-green of peridot to the diverse hues of spinel, ranging from vivid reds to deep blues. Collectively, these gems represent a rich tapestry of geological formation, historical significance, and enduring symbolism. While each stone possesses its own unique character, they are united by their association with the month of August and their capacity to serve as meaningful tokens of personal milestones, from birthdays to anniversaries. This article delves into the history, properties, and cultural meanings of sardonyx, peridot, and spinel, drawing upon the insights and craftsmanship presented by James Avery Artisan Jewelry to explore their contemporary relevance in fine jewelry.
The selection of an August birthstone is more than a matter of personal preference; it is an engagement with centuries of lore and tradition. Sardonyx, one of the oldest gem materials known to humanity, carries the weight of ancient history, having been used for seals and cameos since antiquity. Peridot, with its singular olive-green hue, has been treasured for millennia, often confused with emeralds and believed by ancient Egyptians to be a gift from the sun. Spinel, a gemstone frequently mistaken for ruby, has a complex history of its own, with some of the world's most famous "rubies" now recognized as spinel. In modern times, these stones have been embraced not only for their beauty but also for their symbolic meanings—sardonyx for strength and courage, peridot for protection and abundance, and spinel for revitalization and hope. James Avery Artisan Jewelry showcases this trio in a variety of designs, from dainty charms to bold rings, emphasizing the stones' ability to commemorate treasured moments and become cherished family heirlooms. This exploration will cover the historical journey of these gems, their geological origins, their gemological properties, their metaphysical beliefs, and practical advice for their care and maintenance.
History and Lore
The historical significance of the August birthstones is deep and varied, with sardonyx, peridot, and spinel each occupying a distinct place in human history.
Sardonyx is arguably the most ancient of the trio. As a variety of banded chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz, it has been utilized for over 4,000 years. Its name derives from the Greek words sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a black or dark banded chalcedony), accurately describing its typical appearance of alternating bands of brownish-red and white or black. Historically, sardonyx was highly prized for its ability to be carved into intricate cameos and intaglios. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used it to create signet rings and seals, as wax did not adhere to its surface, making it ideal for imprinting a design. In Roman culture, sardonyx was associated with courage and was believed to protect its wearer in battle. It was also linked to the god Mars, the Roman deity of war. The stone’s banded pattern was often interpreted as a symbol of harmony and balance, and it was used in religious artifacts and talismans throughout the Middle Ages.
Peridot, the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, has a history that is both luminous and sometimes confused. Ancient Egyptians mined peridot from the island of Zabargad (now St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea as early as 1500 BCE. They called it the "gem of the sun" and believed it held the power of the sun god, Ra, offering protection from evil spirits and nightmares. These stones were often set in gold and worn as protective amulets. Some historians believe that many of the "emeralds" described in ancient texts, including those in the treasures of the Pharaohs, were actually peridot. The confusion persisted into the Middle Ages, with the "Topaz of the Crown" in the Vienna Treasury, a large 11-carat green gem, later identified as peridot. Peridot was also used by medieval priests to adorn chalices and religious objects, and it was believed to have healing properties, particularly for the heart and lungs.
Spinel has a history marked by mistaken identity and rediscovery. For centuries, large red spinels were classified as rubies, earning them names like the "Black Prince's Ruby" (a 170-carat red spinel in the British Imperial State Crown) and the "Timur Ruby" (a 361-carat red spinel). It was not until the 18th century that spinel was formally recognized as a distinct mineral species. The name "spinel" comes from the Latin word spina, meaning "thorn," likely referring to the sharp crystal habit. Historically, spinel was mined in Southeast Asia, particularly in Myanmar (Burma) and Sri Lanka. While it lacked the specific ancient lore of sardonyx or peridot, its association with the powerful rubies of royalty gave it an air of prestige. In modern gemology, spinel has been appreciated for its own merits, with a wide color range that includes vibrant reds, pinks, blues, and purples.
The journey to becoming modern birthstones for August was formalized in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America). The original list included sardonyx and peridot. Spinel was added to the official list in 2016, reflecting its growing popularity and recognition as a distinct and valuable gemstone. This update acknowledged spinel's unique beauty and its historical role, solidifying the trio as the official birthstones for August.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gems reveals why they are so different in appearance and durability.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, which itself is a microcrystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). It forms in the cavities of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. As silica-rich water percolates through these rocks, it deposits thin layers of quartz, which over time and under pressure, form the banded patterns characteristic of sardonyx. The bands are created by variations in the mineral impurities and the conditions during formation. Major sources of sardonyx include India, Brazil, Germany, and the United States (particularly in Oregon and Washington). The stone is typically cut into cabochons or carved into cameos, which highlight its banding.
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, deep within the Earth's mantle. It crystallizes from magma and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Unlike many other gems, peridot is found in two types of geological environments: in igneous rocks (like basalt) and in meteorites (pallasite meteorites), which can contain small peridot crystals. The most famous and historically significant source is the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, which produced peridot for ancient Egyptian jewelry. Modern commercial sources include Pakistan, Myanmar, China, and the United States (Arizona, New Mexico, and Hawaii). Arizona peridot is particularly noted for its vibrant olive-green color and is mined from volcanic rock.
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl₂O₄) that forms in metamorphic rocks, specifically in dolomite and marble, through the reaction of magnesium-rich fluids with aluminum-bearing rocks. It can also form in alluvial deposits from the weathering of these primary sources. The most prized red spinels historically came from Myanmar (Burma), particularly the Mogok region, known for producing "rubies" that were often spinel. Sri Lanka is another significant source for spinel, yielding a variety of colors. Other sources include Vietnam, Tanzania, and Tajikistan. Spinel crystals are often found in the same deposits as ruby and sapphire, which contributed to the historical confusion.
Gemological Properties
While the provided sources focus on aesthetic and symbolic aspects, a basic understanding of gemological properties is essential for appreciation and care. The following table summarizes key properties of the August birthstones based on general gemological knowledge, as the specific sources do not provide detailed technical data.
| Property | Sardonyx | Peridot | Spinel |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Chalcedony (Quartz) | Olivine | Spinel |
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Crystal System | Trigonal (microcrystalline) | Orthorhombic | Cubic |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 6.5 - 7 | 8 |
| Refractive Index | 1.53 - 1.54 | 1.65 - 1.69 | 1.71 - 1.76 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.60 - 2.64 | 3.34 | 3.58 - 3.61 |
| Common Colors | Banded brown, red, white, black | Olive green to yellow-green | Wide range: red, pink, blue, purple, black |
| Durability | Fairly durable, but can be scratched (6.5-7). No cleavage. | Fairly durable, but can be scratched (6.5-7) and is brittle with poor toughness. | Very durable (hardness 8) with no cleavage, making it excellent for jewelry. |
| Treatments | Often dyed or heat-treated to enhance color. | Generally untreated, though some may be oiled or coated. | Heat treatment is common to improve color and clarity. |
Color and Clarity: Sardonyx is valued for its distinct, sharp banding. Peridot is prized for its consistent olive-green color, with the most valuable stones showing a rich, vibrant hue without brownish tones. Spinel is celebrated for its wide color palette; the reds are often compared to ruby, while the blues are highly sought after for their saturation and lack of gray undertones. Spinel typically has good clarity, with fewer inclusions than many other gemstones.
Cut and Carat: Sardonyx is often cut en cabochon to showcase its banding or carved into cameos. Peridot and spinel are commonly faceted to enhance their brilliance and color. Peridot crystals can be large; gems over 10 carats are not uncommon. Fine spinel, however, is often found in smaller sizes, and large stones of high quality are exceptionally rare and valuable.
Hardness and Toughness: Spinel is the hardest and most durable of the trio (8 on the Mohs scale), making it very resistant to scratching and ideal for everyday wear. Peridot and sardonyx (both around 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale) are softer and can be scratched by harder materials. Peridot is also relatively brittle, meaning it can be chipped or cracked with a sharp blow. This makes care particularly important for peridot and sardonyx jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their physical beauty, the August birthstones carry rich symbolic meanings and are attributed with various metaphysical properties in different cultures and traditions.
Sardonyx has long been associated with strength, courage, and protection. Its use as a seal stone in ancient times imbued it with the power of authority and integrity. In metaphysical beliefs, sardonyx is thought to enhance willpower, stamina, and determination. It is often linked to the root chakra, providing stability and grounding. Some traditions suggest that sardonyx can help overcome negative thoughts and attract good fortune. Its banded nature is seen as a symbol of harmony, helping to integrate different aspects of one's life.
Peridot, with its sunny green color, is widely regarded as a stone of abundance, prosperity, and good health. Ancient Egyptians believed it protected against evil and brought happiness. In modern crystal healing, peridot is associated with the heart and solar plexus chakras, promoting emotional balance, compassion, and self-esteem. It is said to release old patterns and negative emotions, encouraging growth and renewal. Peridot is also thought to attract wealth and success, making it a popular stone for those seeking to manifest their goals.
Spinel, particularly in its modern context, symbolizes revitalization and renewal. It is believed to refresh and rejuvenate the wearer, helping to overcome stress and improve self-esteem. Different colors of spinel may carry specific meanings: red spinel is associated with passion and energy, blue spinel with calm and communication, and pink spinel with love and compassion. Overall, spinel is seen as a stone of hope, encouraging positivity and resilience. Its ability to come in a rainbow of colors makes it a versatile symbol for various intentions.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of jewelry featuring sardonyx, peridot, and spinel. The gemological properties outlined above directly inform the best practices for cleaning and storage.
Sardonyx and Peridot: Due to their moderate hardness (6.5-7) and, in the case of peridot, relative brittleness, these stones require gentle handling. Clean them using warm water, a mild soap, and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stones or any treatments they may have undergone (such as dyeing in sardonyx). It is also advisable to remove jewelry featuring these stones before engaging in activities that could lead to impact or abrasion, such as gardening, sports, or heavy manual work.
Spinel: With a hardness of 8 and no cleavage, spinel is more durable and can withstand more rigorous cleaning methods. It can be safely cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated spinel, but caution should be exercised if the stone has been fracture-filled or treated. As with all gemstones, it is best to avoid sudden temperature changes and harsh chemicals.
General Care for All Stones: Store each piece of jewelry separately to prevent scratching. A soft cloth pouch or a lined jewelry box is ideal. For jewelry with settings, periodic inspection by a professional jeweler is recommended to ensure the stones are secure and the settings are intact. Regular cleaning will help maintain the stones' brilliance and the overall appearance of the jewelry.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—sardonyx, peridot, and spinel—offer a compelling narrative that intertwines geology, history, and personal meaning. Sardonyx connects us to the ancient world with its carved cameos and symbolic strength. Peridot, the gem of the sun, carries a legacy of protection and abundance from the deserts of Egypt to modern jewelry boxes. Spinel, once the great imposter, now stands proudly on its own merits, celebrated for its durability and revitalizing symbolism. Together, they provide a diverse palette for self-expression and commemoration. James Avery Artisan Jewelry, through its curated collection, highlights the timeless appeal of these stones, crafting pieces that are designed to be both beautiful accessories and enduring heirlooms. Whether chosen for their historical significance, their vibrant colors, or their believed metaphysical properties, the August birthstones remain a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their power to mark the significant moments of our lives.