The month of March is uniquely distinguished in the world of gemology by its association with not one, but two distinct birthstones: Aquamarine and Bloodstone. These gems, polar opposites in appearance and temperament, offer March-born individuals a choice between ethereal serenity and grounded strength. Aquamarine, with its tranquil blue hues reminiscent of the ocean, stands as the primary modern birthstone. In contrast, Bloodstone, a dark, opaque chalcedony speckled with red, represents the traditional historical choice. This duality reflects the transitional nature of the month itself, marking the shift from winter to spring. Together, they encapsulate a rich tapestry of geological diversity, historical lore, and cultural symbolism that has evolved over centuries.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones is ancient, with roots often traced to the High Priest’s Breastplate described in the Old Testament's Book of Exodus. This breastplate was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. While the exact identification of these biblical stones remains a subject of scholarly debate, this ancient practice laid the groundwork for the later association of specific gems with specific months.
Historically, Bloodstone was the original and sole birthstone for March. Also known as Heliotrope, this opaque variety of chalcedony was revered for centuries. Its name, "Heliotrope," is derived from Greek words meaning "sun" and "to turn," referencing an ancient belief that the stone could turn the sun red by reflecting its light. Bloodstone's lore is deeply tied to themes of health, strength, and protection. Ancient cultures believed it could staunch bleeding and cure ailments, a belief that stemmed from its striking appearance—dark green stone flecked with red spots of iron oxide, resembling blood on a battlefield. This symbolism made it a powerful talisman for warriors and a symbol of vitality.
Aquamarine’s history, while not as ancient in its birthstone designation, is rich with its own maritime lore. Its name is derived from the Latin aqua marina, meaning "sea water." Ancient mariners believed the gem was a treasure of mermaids and would calm waves and protect sailors at sea. It was thought to be a powerful amulet for ensuring a safe voyage and was also associated with happiness in marriage. Beryl, the mineral family to which aquamarine belongs, was believed to grant the wearer protection against foes in battle and litigation, making the wearer unconquerable and amiable while quickening the intellect.
The transition to a dual birthstone system for March occurred more recently. In the early 20th century, specifically in 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now the National Association of Goldsmiths) in the United Kingdom established a standardized list of birthstones. This list was created to reflect the stones that were commercially available and popular in the jewelry trade at the time. Bloodstone had become less widely available and affordable, so Aquamarine was added as a more accessible and suitable alternative. This decision cemented the dual designation that persists today, though some modern lists and commercial sources prioritize Aquamarine as the primary stone, while others maintain the historical importance of Bloodstone. Sources offer conflicting accounts regarding the exact dates and motivations for these changes, but the result is a unique pairing that offers a choice between two powerful symbols.
Geological Formation and Sources
The two March birthstones originate from vastly different geological environments, resulting in their contrasting physical forms and properties.
Aquamarine is a member of the beryl family, a group of cyclosilicate minerals that also includes emerald, morganite, and heliodor. Its characteristic blue-to-blue-green color is caused by trace amounts of iron within its crystal lattice. Aquamarine forms in pegmatites—coarse-grained igneous rocks—where large, well-formed crystals can grow. These crystals can be exceptionally large; the GIA notes that the U.S. Smithsonian Institution holds a faceted aquamarine weighing 10,363 carats. The largest known faceted aquamarine is the Dom Pedro Aquamarine, which weighs 10,363 carats and is also housed at the Smithsonian.
Brazil is the world's primary source of high-quality aquamarine, particularly from the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Other notable sources include Pakistan (especially the Skardu region), Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. In the United States, significant deposits have been found in Colorado.
Bloodstone, on the other hand, is a variety of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline form of quartz (silicon dioxide). It is typically dark green, often with red or brownish-red inclusions of iron oxide (hematite) that create the characteristic "blood" spots. Bloodstone forms in volcanic rocks or as nodules in limestone, where silica-rich solutions deposit layers of chalcedony. The finest quality bloodstone is typically found in India, but other sources include Australia, Brazil, China, and parts of Africa. Unlike the large, facetable crystals of aquamarine, bloodstone is almost always cut en cabochon (a smooth, rounded dome) to best display its opaque nature and the contrast between the dark green matrix and the red spots.
Gemological Properties
The physical and chemical properties of Aquamarine and Bloodstone are fundamentally different, which dictates their use in jewelry, their durability, and their care requirements.
| Property | Aquamarine | Bloodstone (Heliotrope) |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Beryl | Chalcedony (Quartz) |
| Chemical Formula | Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈ | SiO₂ |
| Color | Light blue to greenish-blue | Dark green with red spots |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal | Trigonal (microcrystalline) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5 - 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.68 - 2.80 | 2.58 - 2.64 |
| Refractive Index | 1.567 - 1.590 | 1.530 - 1.540 |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Opaque |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) | Vitreous to waxy |
Aquamarine is prized for its hardness and durability. With a rating of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, it is resistant to scratching and well-suited for all types of jewelry, including engagement rings and daily-wear pieces. Its vitreous luster and transparency allow for brilliant faceted cuts that maximize its light performance. High-quality aquamarine is typically free of visible inclusions, giving it a clarity that symbolizes purity of spirit and soul.
Bloodstone is slightly softer, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7. While still a durable gemstone suitable for jewelry, it is more susceptible to scratching than aquamarine and requires more careful handling. Its opacity means it is not faceted; instead, it is polished into cabochons, beads, or cameos. The value of bloodstone is determined by the intensity of its green color and the sharpness and distribution of its red spots.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
For centuries, gemstones have been attributed with symbolic meanings and metaphysical powers. The March birthstones are no exception, each embodying a distinct set of attributes.
Aquamarine is overwhelmingly associated with calmness, courage, and clarity. Its connection to the sea lends it an aura of tranquility and emotional release. In crystal healing traditions, aquamarine is believed to be a powerful stone for calming nerves and reducing stress. It is thought to enhance clear communication, making it a stone for public speakers, artists, and those in relationships who wish to express themselves honestly. Spiritually, it is said to cleanse the aura, align the chakras, and connect the wearer to the spiritual planes. Its energy is considered soothing and cooling, a balm for emotional turmoil.
Bloodstone, in stark contrast, is a stone of vitality, strength, and courage. Its symbolism is rooted in the life-giving properties of blood. It is believed to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and increase physical endurance. Historically, it was a talisman for soldiers, thought to heal wounds and prevent bleeding. In metaphysical beliefs, bloodstone is a grounding stone that provides strength in difficult situations. It is said to inspire bravery, help overcome obstacles, and provide a sense of stability and resilience. It is a stone for those who need to draw upon their inner reserves of fortitude and perseverance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. Due to their differing properties, Aquamarine and Bloodstone require slightly different approaches.
Aquamarine, with its high hardness and lack of cleavage, is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned safely with warm water, a mild soap, and a soft brush. It is also safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner, though steam cleaning should be avoided if the stone has been fracture-filled (which is rare for high-quality aquamarine). It is best to store aquamarine jewelry separately to prevent it from scratching other, softer gems.
Bloodstone is more delicate. While its hardness is moderate, its microcrystalline nature and potential for porosity mean it can be sensitive to chemicals and sudden temperature changes. It should not be cleaned with harsh household chemicals or exposed to acids. The safest method for cleaning bloodstone is with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners are not recommended, as the vibrations or heat could potentially damage the stone or loosen any settings. It should be stored carefully to avoid scratches from harder gems.
Conclusion
The March birthstones, Aquamarine and Bloodstone, offer a compelling study in contrasts. One embodies the ethereal, calming, and clear qualities of the sea, while the other represents the terrestrial, vital, and courageous spirit of the earth. Their shared designation as birthstones for March is a testament to the evolving nature of gemological traditions, blending ancient history with modern commercial availability. From the vast pegmatite mines of Brazil that yield brilliant aquamarine crystals to the ancient deposits of India that produce rugged bloodstone, these gems provide a tangible link to the planet's diverse geology. For the wearer, they offer a choice of symbolism—serenity or strength, purity or vitality—that resonates with the dual nature of the month itself. Their enduring popularity ensures that both stones will continue to be cherished for their unique beauty and profound significance for generations to come.