Birthstones have captivated human imagination for centuries, serving as symbols of protection, good fortune, and personal significance. Each month of the year is associated with one or more gemstones, and these stones carry a rich tapestry of history, meaning, and gemological importance. This article explores the birthstones by month in detail, drawing on reliable sources to present an in-depth look at their origins, properties, cultural significance, and modern relevance. From January’s deep red garnet to December’s striking tanzanite, each birthstone tells a unique story rooted in tradition, folklore, and science. The modern list of birthstones was standardized in 1912 by the Jewelers of America (JA), although many traditional stones have also endured through time. Some months now have multiple options—both modern and traditional—offering a broader selection for those seeking to celebrate their month of birth with a gemstone.
History and Lore of Birthstones
The concept of assigning gemstones to specific months has ancient roots. One of the earliest references to birthstones can be found in the Old Testament's Book of Exodus, which describes the twelve stones on the High Priest’s breastplate. Over centuries, European, Middle Eastern, and South Asian traditions emphasized either gemstone species or symbolic color. The idea of linking stones to time and personality goes back millennia. A common reference point is the high priest’s breastplate described in ancient texts, set with 12 stones that later inspired connections to tribes, zodiac signs, and months.
Modern birthstone lists coalesced in the 20th century. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) published a list to standardize retail guidance. Subsequent U.S. and international updates have expanded options. Key modern additions include tanzanite for December (2002) and spinel for August (2016). Japan also expanded its official list in 2021, offering more month-by-month options. This evolution reflects a blend of commercial standardization and cultural adaptation, allowing individuals to choose stones that resonate personally while honoring historical traditions.
January: Garnet
Historical Significance and Lore
Garnet has been valued since ancient times, often associated with protection and vitality. Its deep red hue has made it a symbol of love and passion across various cultures. Historical records indicate that garnet was used in jewelry and amulets by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The stone’s name is derived from the Latin word granatum, meaning "seed," due to its resemblance to pomegranate seeds. In medieval Europe, garnet was believed to ward off evil and protect travelers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Garnet is a silicate mineral group of several related species of lustrous gemstones, which range from transparent to opaque. While the most common color for garnet is red, you can find garnets in almost any color. Blue garnets, the rarest, were discovered in the 1990s. Most garnet species are not rare, making them accessible for various jewelry applications. Garnets form under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions in metamorphic rocks. Major sources include the United States (Arizona, New York), Sri Lanka, India, and Madagascar.
Gemological Properties
Garnet has a reasonably tough Mohs hardness rating of around 7, making it durable for everyday wear. Its chemical composition varies by species, but common types include almandine, pyrope, and spessartine. Garnet’s refractive index ranges from 1.72 to 1.94, contributing to its brilliance. Clarity can vary, with some varieties exhibiting inclusions. Color is the most critical factor for value, with deep reds being the most prized. Carat weight is less influential for garnet due to its relative abundance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Garnet is traditionally linked to vitality, regeneration, and balance. It is believed to inspire love, devotion, and courage. In crystal healing, garnet is associated with the root chakra, promoting stability and grounding. Some cultures attribute protective qualities to garnet, using it as a talisman against negative energies.
Care and Cleaning
With a Mohs hardness of 7, garnet is relatively durable but can still be scratched by harder materials. It is best cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and sudden temperature changes, which may cause fractures in included stones.
February: Amethyst
Historical Significance and Lore
Amethyst has been cherished for its regal purple color since antiquity. Its name comes from the Greek word amethystos, meaning "not intoxicated," as it was believed to prevent drunkenness. Historically, amethyst was a symbol of royalty and spirituality, often used in religious jewelry and crowns. In the Middle Ages, it was associated with piety and celibacy, adorning the rings of bishops.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amethyst is a variety of quartz, composed of silicon dioxide. It forms in geodes and cavities within volcanic rocks. The purple color is due to iron impurities and natural irradiation. Major sources include Brazil, Uruguay, and Zambia. Brazilian amethyst is known for its deep, rich hues, while Uruguayan deposits often produce darker, more saturated colors.
Gemological Properties
Amethyst has a Mohs hardness of 7, making it suitable for jewelry. Its refractive index is approximately 1.54 to 1.55. The stone exhibits vitreous luster and can range from pale lilac to deep violet. Clarity is generally good, though some specimens may have inclusions. Color zoning can occur, affecting value. Larger amethyst crystals are common, allowing for impressive cabochons and carvings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Amethyst is associated with calmness, clarity, and spiritual awareness. It is believed to alleviate stress and promote emotional balance. In metaphysical practices, amethyst is linked to the crown chakra, enhancing intuition and meditation. It is also thought to protect against negative dreams and psychic attacks.
Care and Cleaning
Amethyst is durable but can fade if exposed to prolonged sunlight. Clean it with mild soap, warm water, and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Store separately to prevent scratching from harder gemstones.
March: Aquamarine
Historical Significance and Lore
Aquamarine, with its soothing blue-green hues, is named after the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (sea). Ancient sailors believed it protected them from storms and ensured safe voyages. In folklore, aquamarine was thought to be the treasure of mermaids, offering protection and good luck. It has been used in jewelry since ancient times, with significant finds in the Roman era.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of beryl, with iron giving it its blue color. It forms in pegmatites and granitic rocks. Major sources include Brazil (Minas Gerais), Nigeria, Madagascar, and Pakistan. Brazilian aquamarine is renowned for its large, clear crystals. The stone is often heat-treated to enhance its blue color, a standard and accepted practice in the industry.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, making it one of the harder gemstones. Its refractive index ranges from 1.57 to 1.59. The stone typically exhibits excellent clarity, with few inclusions. Color is a critical factor, with deep, vivid blue being the most valued. Carat weight is less influential for price compared to color and clarity. Aquamarine is often cut into emerald cuts or rounds to maximize its color and brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine is associated with courage, communication, and tranquility. It is believed to soothe the mind and reduce anxiety. In crystal healing, it is linked to the throat chakra, enhancing self-expression and truth. Sailors and travelers historically carried it for protection, and it remains a popular stone for those seeking calm and clarity.
Care and Cleaning
With a hardness of 7.5 to 8, aquamarine is durable and suitable for daily wear. Clean it with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid extreme heat and sudden temperature changes, which may cause fractures. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but steam cleaning should be avoided.
April: Diamond
Historical Significance and Lore
Diamond, the hardest natural substance, has been a symbol of eternal love and power for millennia. Its name comes from the Greek word adamas, meaning "invincible." Historically, diamonds were believed to have healing properties and were used in ancient India as talismans. In the Middle Ages, diamonds were associated with royalty and were worn by kings and queens to signify their authority.
Geological Formation and Sources
Diamonds form deep within the Earth's mantle under extreme pressure and temperature, then are brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Major sources include Botswana, Russia, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. Botswana and Russia are the largest producers by value. Diamonds are mined from kimberlite pipes and alluvial deposits.
Gemological Properties
Diamond has a Mohs hardness of 10, the highest on the scale, making it exceptionally durable. Its refractive index is 2.42, contributing to its brilliance. The 4Cs—carat, cut, color, and clarity—determine a diamond's value. Color ranges from D (colorless) to Z (light yellow or brown). Clarity measures inclusions, with FL (flawless) being the highest grade. Cut affects the stone's sparkle, with the round brilliant cut being the most popular.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Diamonds symbolize purity, clarity, and invincibility. They are associated with eternal love and are the traditional stone for engagement rings. In metaphysical beliefs, diamonds are thought to enhance inner strength and balance. They are also believed to amplify energy and promote spiritual enlightenment.
Care and Cleaning
Diamonds are extremely durable but can be chipped if struck with force. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are safe for most diamonds, but avoid if the stone has inclusions or fractures. Store separately to prevent scratching other jewelry.
May: Emerald
Historical Significance and Lore
Emerald has been prized for its vibrant green color since ancient times. The Egyptians mined emeralds as early as 1500 BCE, and Cleopatra was famously fond of the stone. The name "emerald" comes from the Greek word smaragdos, meaning "green gem." In folklore, emeralds were believed to grant foresight and protect against evil. They were also associated with fertility and rebirth.
Geological Formation and Sources
Emerald is a variety of beryl, colored by chromium and sometimes vanadium. It forms in metamorphic and pegmatitic rocks. Major sources include Colombia, Zambia, Brazil, and Zimbabwe. Colombian emeralds are renowned for their superior color and clarity. Emeralds often have inclusions, which are accepted as part of their character and are sometimes called "jardin" (garden).
Gemological Properties
Emerald has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, similar to aquamarine. However, its clarity is often lower due to natural inclusions. The refractive index ranges from 1.57 to 1.59. Color is the most critical factor, with vivid green being the most valuable. Emeralds are typically cut in emerald cuts or rectangular shapes to enhance color and protect the stone. Carat weight is significant, with larger stones commanding higher prices per carat.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Emerald is associated with growth, renewal, and prosperity. It is believed to enhance intuition and spiritual insight. In crystal healing, emerald is linked to the heart chakra, promoting emotional balance and unconditional love. Historically, it was thought to have healing properties for the eyes and to prevent epilepsy.
Care and Cleaning
Emeralds require careful handling due to their inclusions and relative softness. Clean with mild soap, warm water, and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam, as vibrations and heat can cause fractures. Store separately to prevent scratches. Periodic professional cleaning is recommended.
June: Alexandrite and Pearl
Historical Significance and Lore
June has two birthstones: alexandrite and pearl. Alexandrite was discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the 1830s and named after Tsar Alexander II. It is famous for its color-changing ability, appearing green in daylight and red under incandescent light. Pearls have been treasured for millennia, with records of their use in ancient China, India, and Rome. Pearls symbolize purity and are associated with the moon.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of chrysoberyl, formed under specific geological conditions with chromium. Major sources include Russia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and East Africa. Russian alexandrite is the most prized but is rare. Pearls are organic gems formed inside mollusks. Natural pearls are extremely rare, while cultured pearls are produced in farms in countries like Japan, China, and Tahiti.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite has a Mohs hardness of 8.5, making it durable. Its refractive index is 1.74 to 1.75. The color change is its defining characteristic. Clarity varies, with some inclusions. Pearls have a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 4.5, making them soft. They are composed of calcium carbonate and have a unique luster. Pearl value depends on luster, surface quality, shape, size, and color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite symbolizes joy, balance, and adaptability. It is believed to bring good fortune and enhance creativity. Pearls are associated with purity, wisdom, and integrity. In metaphysical practices, pearls are thought to calm emotions and connect with the moon's energy.
Care and Cleaning
Alexandrite is relatively easy to care for; clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals. Pearls are delicate; clean with a soft, damp cloth after wearing. Avoid exposure to chemicals, perfumes, and excessive moisture. Store separately in a soft pouch.
July: Ruby
Historical Significance and Lore
Ruby, with its intense red color, has been associated with passion, power, and protection. The name comes from the Latin word ruber, meaning "red." In ancient India, rubies were called "ratnaraj," the king of gems. They were believed to ward off evil and bring good health. In medieval Europe, rubies were worn by royalty and warriors for protection in battle.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby is a variety of corundum, colored by chromium. It forms in metamorphic rocks. Major sources include Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Mozambique. Burmese rubies are renowned for their "pigeon's blood" red color and are highly prized. Rubies are often heat-treated to enhance color and clarity, a standard practice.
Gemological Properties
Ruby has a Mohs hardness of 9, second only to diamond. Its refractive index is 1.76 to 1.77. Color is the most critical factor, with vivid red to slightly purplish red being the most valuable. Clarity is important, but inclusions are accepted if they do not affect durability. Carat weight significantly impacts price, with larger rubies being rare and expensive.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby is associated with vitality, passion, and courage. It is believed to stimulate the root chakra and enhance energy levels. In crystal healing, ruby is thought to promote positive dreams and protect against negative energy. It is also linked to love and romance.
Care and Cleaning
With a hardness of 9, ruby is very durable. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are safe, but avoid if the stone has fractures. Steam cleaning is also acceptable. Store separately to prevent scratching other jewelry.
August: Peridot and Spinel
Historical Significance and Lore
August has two birthstones: peridot and spinel. Peridot, known as the "evening emerald," has been used since ancient times. The Egyptians mined peridot on the island of Zabargad (now St. John's Island) as early as 1500 BCE. It was believed to protect against nightmares and evil spirits. Spinel has often been mistaken for ruby throughout history, with famous "rubies" like the Black Prince's Ruby actually being spinel. It was valued for its beauty and durability.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of olivine, formed in the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Major sources include Myanmar, Pakistan, and Arizona, USA. Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide, forming in metamorphic rocks. Major sources include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. Both stones are mined from alluvial deposits and hard rock.
Gemological Properties
Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it moderately durable. Its refractive index is 1.64 to 1.68. Color ranges from yellow-green to olive green, with vivid lime green being most valued. Clarity is generally good, with few inclusions. Spinel has a Mohs hardness of 8, similar to quartz. Its refractive index is 1.71 to 1.73. Spinel comes in various colors, with red, blue, and pink being popular. Clarity is typically high.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with prosperity, growth, and protection. It is believed to heal stress and attract wealth. In crystal healing, peridot is linked to the heart chakra, promoting emotional well-being. Spinel is associated with revitalization and inspiration. It is thought to bring hope and reduce negativity.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot requires care due to its moderate hardness. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and sudden temperature changes. Spinel is more durable; clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are safe for spinel. Both stones should be stored separately.
September: Sapphire
Historical Significance and Lore
Sapphire, primarily known for its blue color, has been a symbol of wisdom, royalty, and divine favor. The name comes from the Greek word sappheiros, meaning "blue stone." In ancient times, sapphires were believed to protect against envy and harm. They were worn by clergy and royalty to signify virtue and power. The stone is also associated with truth and sincerity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of corundum, colored by iron and titanium. It forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Major sources include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Australia. Kashmir sapphires are renowned for their velvety blue color and are highly prized. Sapphires are often heat-treated to enhance color and clarity.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire has a Mohs hardness of 9, making it extremely durable. Its refractive index is 1.76 to 1.77. While blue is the classic color, sapphires can be pink, yellow, green, or colorless (known as fancy sapphires). Color is critical, with vivid, medium to dark blue being most valuable. Clarity is important, but inclusions are accepted if they do not affect durability. Carat weight significantly impacts price.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphire is associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. It is believed to enhance mental clarity and intuition. In crystal healing, sapphire is linked to the third eye chakra, promoting spiritual awareness and protection. It is also thought to bring peace and contentment.
Care and Cleaning
With a hardness of 9, sapphire is very durable. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning are generally safe, but avoid if the stone has fractures or inclusions. Store separately to prevent scratching other jewelry.
October: Tourmaline and Opal
Historical Significance and Lore
October has two birthstones: tourmaline and opal. Tourmaline has been mistaken for other gems throughout history due to its wide color range. Its name comes from the Sinhalese word toramalli, meaning "mixed gems." In folklore, tourmaline was believed to inspire creativity and protect against negative energies. Opal, with its play-of-color, has been associated with magic and mystery. The ancient Romans considered it the most precious gem, symbolizing hope and purity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tourmaline is a complex borosilicate mineral, forming in pegmatites and metamorphic rocks. Major sources include Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Africa. Opal is a hydrated silica, formed in sedimentary rocks. Major sources include Australia (especially Lightning Ridge and Coober Pedy), Ethiopia, and Mexico. Australian opal is renowned for its play-of-color.
Gemological Properties
Tourmaline has a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5, making it durable. Its refractive index ranges from 1.62 to 1.64. Tourmaline comes in every color, with pink, green, and blue being popular. Clarity varies, with some inclusions. Opal has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, making it softer. It has a refractive index of 1.37 to 1.45. Opal's value depends on play-of-color, body color, and pattern.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tourmaline is associated with protection, grounding, and creativity. It is believed to repel negative energy and inspire artistic expression. In crystal healing, different colors have specific meanings: black for protection, pink for love, and green for prosperity. Opal is linked to imagination, inspiration, and emotional balance. It is thought to enhance creativity and bring joy.
Care and Cleaning
Tourmaline is relatively easy to care for; clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals. Opal is delicate; clean with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid exposure to water, chemicals, and extreme temperatures. Store in a soft pouch to prevent scratching.
November: Topaz and Citrine
Historical Significance and Lore
November has two birthstones: topaz and citrine. Topaz has been valued since ancient times, with the name possibly derived from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning "fire." It was believed to have cooling properties and protect against illness. Citrine, with its warm yellow to orange hues, has been called the "merchant's stone" for its association with prosperity. Historically, citrine was used in jewelry and amulets for good fortune.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is a fluorosilicate mineral, forming in pegmatites and volcanic rocks. Major sources include Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Russia. Citrine is a variety of quartz, colored by iron impurities. Major sources include Brazil, Uruguay, and Zambia. Most citrine on the market is heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz.
Gemological Properties
Topaz has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it durable. Its refractive index is 1.61 to 1.63. Topaz comes in various colors, including blue, pink, and yellow. The most valuable is imperial topaz, with a rich orange-pink hue. Citrine has a Mohs hardness of 7, similar to amethyst. Its refractive index is 1.54 to 1.55. Color ranges from pale yellow to deep orange. Clarity is generally good.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Topaz is associated with strength, confidence, and healing. It is believed to promote truth and forgiveness. In crystal healing, topaz is linked to the solar plexus chakra, enhancing personal power. Citrine is known as the "stone of success" and is believed to attract wealth and abundance. It is also associated with joy and positivity.
Care and Cleaning
Topaz is durable but can be scratched by harder materials. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and sudden temperature changes. Citrine is relatively easy to care for; clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Both stones should be stored separately.
December: Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli
Historical Significance and Lore
December has multiple birthstones, reflecting its evolving list. Tanzanite, a modern addition, was discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s and named after the country. It is known for its violet-blue color. Blue zircon has been used since ancient times, with the name derived from the Persian word zargun, meaning "gold-colored." It was believed to have protective properties. Blue topaz, a variety of topaz, has been valued for its cool blue hues. Turquoise has been prized for millennia, especially by ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Native Americans, for its protective qualities. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color, was used in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt for jewelry and art, symbolizing royalty and the heavens.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is a variety of zoisite, colored by vanadium. It forms in metamorphic rocks and is found only in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. Blue zircon is a zirconium silicate, formed in igneous rocks. Major sources include Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Blue topaz is a variety of topaz, often irradiated to achieve its blue color. Major sources include Brazil and Nigeria. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, formed in arid regions. Major sources include the United States (Arizona, Nevada), Iran, and China. Lapis lazuli is a rock composed mainly of lazurite, with minor calcite and pyrite. Major sources include Afghanistan, Chile, and Russia.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, making it moderately durable. Its refractive index is 1.69 to 1.70. It exhibits strong trichroism, showing blue, violet, and burgundy hues. Blue zircon has a Mohs hardness of 7.5, making it durable. Its refractive index is 1.92 to 1.98, giving it high brilliance. Blue topaz has a Mohs hardness of 8, similar to topaz. Its refractive index is 1.61 to 1.63. Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it soft. It is porous and often stabilized for durability. Lapis lazuli has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5, making it soft. It is composed of multiple minerals, affecting its durability.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is associated with transformation and spiritual awakening. It is believed to enhance intuition and communication. Blue zircon is linked to prosperity and protection, thought to ward off negative energy. Blue topaz is associated with calmness and clarity, promoting truth and self-expression. Turquoise is known as a protective stone, believed to bring good fortune and health. Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and royalty, enhancing mental clarity and spiritual insight.
Care and Cleaning
Tanzanite requires careful handling due to its moderate hardness. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam. Blue zircon is durable; clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals. Blue topaz is durable; clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid extreme heat. Turquoise is soft and porous; clean with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid chemicals, water, and ultrasonic cleaners. Lapis lazuli is soft; clean with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid chemicals and excessive moisture.
Conclusion
The birthstones by month offer a fascinating journey through history, geology, and culture. From the ancient origins of garnet and diamond to the modern additions like tanzanite and spinel, each gemstone carries unique properties and meanings. The standardization of birthstone lists in the 20th century, particularly by the Jewelers of America, has provided a framework for personal choice and tradition. Whether selected for their beauty, durability, or symbolic significance, birthstones remain a cherished way to celebrate individuality and connect with timeless traditions. Understanding their properties, origins, and care ensures that these gems can be enjoyed for generations.