The month of December is uniquely represented by two distinct gemstones, each possessing its own captivating character and lore: the ancient, sky-blue Turquoise and the brilliant, often blue Zircon. While both are celebrated as traditional and modern birthstones for this winter month, they differ profoundly in their geological origins, historical significance, and physical properties. This article delves into the science, history, and symbolism of these December gems, providing a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts, collectors, and those born under their celestial influence.
History and Lore: From Ancient Talismans to Modern Tokens
The historical narratives of Turquoise and Zircon span millennia, each weaving a rich tapestry of cultural belief and practical use.
Turquoise holds one of the most venerable histories of any gemstone. Its name derives from the French phrase pierre tourquoise, meaning "Turkish stone," reflecting its historic trade route from Persia (modern-day Iran) through Turkey to Europe. However, its use predates this by thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians, including Tutankhamun, adorned themselves with Turquoise, believing it offered protection and symbolized rebirth. The stone was also revered by Native American cultures, particularly the Navajo and Zuni, who considered it a sacred stone representing the sky and water, and used it extensively in their renowned silverwork and jewelry. Its association with good luck, abundance, and peace, as noted in contemporary sources, is a direct continuation of these ancient beliefs, where the stone was often worn as a talisman against harm and a conduit for positive energy.
Zircon, while less ancient in its documented lore, has a history steeped in misconception and value. For centuries, it was confused with more expensive gems like diamond and spinel. The brilliant, fiery hyacinth zircon, for instance, was historically prized and often mistaken for topaz or even diamond. Despite this, zircon has been valued since antiquity. Its name is believed to originate from the Arabic zarkun, meaning "cinnabar" or "vermilion," though it is more commonly associated with the Persian zargun, or "gold-colored." This linguistic history hints at the gem's range of hues, from golden to honey-brown. In the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sound sleep, ward off evil spirits, and promote prosperity and honor. It was also thought to possess the power to bring wisdom and wealth to its wearer. The modern designation of blue zircon as a December birthstone solidified its place in contemporary jewelry, offering a brilliant, affordable alternative to more expensive blue gems like sapphire.
The journey of these stones to becoming official birthstones is a more recent development. The modern list of birthstones, largely standardized in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), included Turquoise as the primary birthstone for December. Blue Zircon was later added as an alternate stone, providing a more modern and durable option for those born in the final month of the year. This dual representation allows for a personal choice between the ancient, opaque beauty of Turquoise and the modern, transparent sparkle of Zircon.
Geological Formation and Sources: A Tale of Two Origins
The formation processes of Turquoise and Zircon could not be more different, leading to their distinct appearances and properties.
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum, formed in arid regions where acidic, copper-rich groundwater percolates through rocks containing aluminum and phosphorus. This process, occurring over millions of years, results in the deposition of turquoise in veins and nodules. Its formation is relatively rare and confined to specific geological environments. Major historical and modern sources include: * Iran (Persia): The source of the finest, most prized "Persian turquoise," known for its even, sky-blue color with little to no matrix (the host rock). * United States: The Southwestern states, particularly Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada, are significant sources of American turquoise, often characterized by a wider range of colors and distinctive matrix patterns. The "Sleeping Beauty" mine in Arizona is famous for its pure, robin's-egg blue turquoise. * Other Sources: China, Egypt, and Afghanistan also produce turquoise, though the quality can vary significantly.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄), one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with crystals found in ancient zircons dating back over 4 billion years. It forms in pegmatites, metamorphic rocks, and certain igneous rocks like granites and syenites. Unlike turquoise, which is typically found in nodules or veins, zircon occurs as well-formed crystals. The most significant sources for gem-quality zircon include: * Cambodia: Known for producing fine blue zircon, often through heat treatment of brown zircon. * Sri Lanka: A historic source for a variety of zircon colors, including blue and yellow. * Myanmar (Burma): Produces zircon, including the prized "hyacinth" variety. * Australia: A major source of zircon, both as a gemstone and as an industrial mineral (zircon is a primary source of zirconium). * Other Sources: Thailand, Vietnam, and parts of Africa also contribute to the global supply.
It is important to note that the vibrant blue color in most commercial blue zircon is achieved through heat treatment of naturally brown zircon. This process is a standard and accepted industry practice that enhances the stone's color permanently.
Gemological Properties: A Scientific Comparison
Understanding the physical and optical properties of these gems is crucial for identification, valuation, and care. The following table summarizes key gemological characteristics based on established data, as reflected in the provided materials.
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | ZrSiO₄ |
| Crystal System | Triclinic | Tetragonal |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5 - 6 | 6.5 - 7.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.6 - 2.9 | 4.6 - 4.7 |
| Refractive Index | 1.610 - 1.650 | 1.92 - 2.01 |
| Luster | Waxy to vitreous | Adamantine to vitreous |
| Transparency | Opaque to translucent | Transparent to translucent |
| Typical Treatments | Stabilization (impregnation with resin), dyeing | Heat treatment (to enhance color) |
| Common Colors | Sky blue, blue-green, greenish-blue | Colorless, blue, yellow, brown, green, red (hyacinth) |
Turquoise is prized for its unique, opaque color. However, it is a relatively soft and porous stone. Its hardness (5-6 on the Mohs scale) makes it susceptible to scratching and abrasion. The natural stone often contains inclusions and matrix, which are part of its character. To enhance durability and color consistency, most commercial turquoise undergoes stabilization—a process where the stone is impregnated with a clear resin or wax. This treatment is standard and helps protect the stone from cracking and color change. Some lower-grade turquoise may also be dyed to achieve a more uniform blue color.
Zircon is a much harder and denser gemstone. Its hardness (6.5-7.5) makes it suitable for all types of jewelry, including rings, though care should be taken to avoid hard blows due to its perfect cleavage in two directions, which can cause it to chip. Its high refractive index (1.92-2.01) gives it a brilliance and fire that can rival diamond, especially in well-cut specimens. Blue zircon, the most popular variety for December, typically exhibits a bright, electric blue color. The heat treatment used to achieve this color is stable and does not fade under normal lighting conditions. Zircon's high specific gravity (4.6-4.7) makes it feel noticeably heavier than a similarly sized stone of another gem material.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their physical beauty, both Turquoise and Zircon carry deep symbolic meanings that resonate with their wearers.
Turquoise is universally regarded as a stone of protection, healing, and good fortune. Across cultures, it has been believed to: * Ward off negativity and danger: Ancient warriors and travelers wore it as an amulet. * Promote emotional balance and tranquility: Its calming blue hue is associated with the sky and water, fostering peace and reducing stress. * Enhance communication and creativity: It is thought to open the throat chakra, aiding in honest expression. * Symbolize friendship and love: It is often given as a token of affection and loyalty.
As noted in the provided materials, Turquoise is described as a symbol of good luck, abundance, and peace. Those born in December are said to be "vibrant, outgoing and confident," with Turquoise reflecting their strong-willed, wise, and protective nature.
Zircon carries symbolism related to wisdom, wealth, and honor. Its historical associations include: * Promoting prosperity and success: It was believed to attract wealth and honor to the wearer. * Inducing sound sleep and warding off evil: Medieval lore suggested zircon could prevent nightmares and protect against harm. * Enhancing self-confidence and clarity: Its brilliant sparkle is thought to mirror a clear mind and strong will.
While less explicitly detailed in the provided materials compared to Turquoise, zircon's historical reputation as a stone of wisdom and protection aligns with its enduring appeal as a modern birthstone. The blue variety, in particular, is associated with clarity of thought and calm communication.
Care and Cleaning: Preserving Your December Gems
Due to their differing physical properties, Turquoise and Zircon require distinct care regimens to maintain their beauty and integrity.
Caring for Turquoise: Given its porosity and relative softness, Turquoise demands gentle handling. * Avoid Chemicals: Keep turquoise away from perfumes, lotions, hairsprays, and household cleaners. These substances can damage the stone's surface, especially if it is stabilized. * Cleaning: Clean with a soft, dry cloth. For a deeper clean, use a mild soap (like dish soap) and lukewarm water. Gently scrub with a soft-bristled toothbrush, then rinse and dry thoroughly with a soft cloth. Never use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause cracking or discoloration. * Storage: Store turquoise jewelry separately in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box to prevent scratching by harder stones. Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight or extreme heat, which can cause fading or dehydration.
Caring for Zircon: Zircon is more durable but has cleavage, making it susceptible to chipping from sharp blows. * Avoid Impacts: Remove zircon jewelry before engaging in vigorous activities or manual work where the stone could be struck. * Cleaning: Zircon can be cleaned with warm water, mild soap, and a soft brush. It is generally safe for ultrasonic cleaning, but caution is advised due to the risk of chipping. Avoid steam cleaning, as the sudden temperature change can cause fractures in stones with existing inclusions or fractures. * Storage: Store zircon separately in a fabric-lined box or pouch to protect it from scratches and knocks. Its high hardness makes it less prone to scratching, but it is best to keep it away from diamonds and other hard gems.
For both stones, regular inspection of settings is recommended to ensure prongs are secure and the stones are well-protected.
Conclusion
Turquoise and Zircon, the two celebrated birthstones of December, offer a fascinating study in contrasts. Turquoise, with its ancient, opaque, and sky-blue presence, carries the weight of millennia of human history and cultural symbolism. It is a stone of the earth and sky, embodying protection, peace, and a connection to ancient traditions. Zircon, on the other hand, represents modernity, brilliance, and scientific wonder. Its exceptional fire and hardness, coupled with its ancient geological origins, make it a gemstone that bridges the past and the present.
For those born in December, the choice between these two stones is a matter of personal preference: the warm, organic, and historic character of Turquoise, or the cool, brilliant, and resilient sparkle of Zircon. Both, however, share the common thread of being gems that have captivated humanity for centuries, each with a unique story to tell and a distinct beauty to offer. Whether set in a simple stud earring or a statement ring, these December gems continue to symbolize the enduring allure of the natural world and the deep human desire for beauty, meaning, and connection.