The month of December is uniquely represented by three distinct gemstones: Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise. This trio offers a captivating spectrum of color, from the serene sky-blue of topaz to the vibrant violet-blue of tanzanite and the iconic robin's egg blue of turquoise. Each stone carries its own narrative of geological formation, historical significance, and symbolic meaning, making them cherished choices for jewelry, particularly in the form of rings. While modern commercial sources highlight their roles as December birthstones and their association with attributes like clarity, peace, and positive energy, the deeper gemological properties and historical contexts of these stones provide a richer understanding for enthusiasts and collectors. This article delves into the characteristics, lore, and practical considerations for Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise, drawing upon available information to explore what makes these gems a compelling subject for the "Birthstones" project.
Historical Significance and Cultural Lore
The journey of these three gemstones to becoming December's birthstones is a blend of ancient tradition and modern designation. Turquoise, in particular, stands out for its profound historical roots. It is one of the oldest gemstones used in jewelry, with a legacy that spans millennia across various cultures, including those of Ancient Egypt, Persia, and the Americas. Its name is derived from the French pierre tourquoise, meaning "Turkish stone," reflecting its historical trade routes. Historically, turquoise has been revered not only for its striking color but also for its perceived protective qualities. It was often worn as an amulet to ward off evil and bring good fortune, a belief that persists in many cultural narratives today. This ancient heritage positions turquoise as a gemstone deeply embedded in human history, symbolizing protection and good fortune.
In contrast, Tanzanite and Blue Topaz have more recent histories in the world of gemstones, though their symbolic meanings are well-established in modern metaphysical beliefs. Tanzanite, a relatively newcomer to the gemstone market, was discovered in the late 20th century in Tanzania. Its rapid rise to fame is due to its unique violet-blue hue, which is rarely found in other gemstones. It is often associated with spiritual growth and transformation, believed to facilitate higher consciousness and communication with the spiritual realm. This association with spiritual evolution makes it a popular choice for those seeking personal development and deeper insight.
Blue Topaz, while a more common gemstone, has its own set of symbolic attributes. It is frequently linked to communication, wisdom, and serenity. The calming blue tones of topaz are thought to promote clarity of thought and peaceful expression, making it a favored stone for those who value clear communication and inner calm. The modern designation of these three stones as December birthstones provides a framework for their contemporary significance, allowing individuals to connect with the gemstones that correspond to their birth month, each offering a unique blend of aesthetic beauty and symbolic meaning.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise provides insight into their distinct properties and availability. Each gemstone forms under different conditions and is sourced from specific regions of the world.
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum. It forms in arid regions where acidic, copper-rich water percolates through aluminum-bearing rocks, such as volcanic ash or sedimentary deposits. This process can take millions of years, resulting in the deposition of turquoise in veins or nodules. The color of turquoise is primarily determined by the presence of copper (which imparts the blue hue) and iron (which can create green tones). Major sources of turquoise include the United States (particularly Arizona and New Mexico), Iran, and China. The quality of turquoise varies significantly based on factors such as color uniformity, matrix presence (the host rock within the stone), and hardness. Natural, untreated turquoise from reputable sources is highly valued, though many commercial stones are stabilized to enhance durability and color.
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, colored by traces of vanadium. It is found exclusively in a small area of the Merelani Hills in Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. This geographic restriction makes tanzanite one of the rarest gemstones in the world, with its supply limited to a single source. The gemstone's formation is linked to the tectonic activity in the East African Rift Valley, where heat and pressure have altered the original zoisite crystals. Tanzanite is known for its strong trichroism, displaying different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) when viewed from different angles. Most commercial tanzanite is heat-treated to stabilize its color and reduce the violet component, resulting in the more desirable blue-violet hue. The rarity of its source and its unique color properties contribute to its desirability and value.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It crystallizes in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatites and high-temperature veins. While natural blue topaz does occur, the vibrant blue varieties commonly seen in jewelry are almost always the result of irradiation and heat treatment of colorless or pale blue topaz. The treatment process involves exposing the stone to gamma radiation or electron beams, which alter the crystal lattice to produce a deep blue color. Major sources of topaz include Brazil, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and the United States (Texas). The availability of treated blue topaz is abundant, making it a more affordable option compared to natural blue topaz, which is rare and commands higher prices. The treatment process is stable and permanent, and it is widely accepted in the gem trade, provided it is disclosed.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise vary significantly, influencing their durability, care requirements, and suitability for different types of jewelry. The following table summarizes key properties for each gemstone based on general gemological knowledge and the information available in the provided sources.
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Crystal System | Common Treatments | Notable Optical Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 8 | Orthorhombic | Irradiation, heat | Can exhibit pleochroism; color stability after treatment. |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6.5 - 7 | Orthorhombic | Heat (common) | Strong trichroism (blue, violet, burgundy). |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5 - 6 | Triclinic | Stabilization (waxing, impregnation) | Opaque to translucent; color from copper (blue) and iron (green). |
Blue Topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it quite durable and suitable for everyday wear in rings and earrings. Its orthorhombic crystal system contributes to its clarity when well-formed. The vibrant blue color is a result of controlled treatment, and the process is considered permanent under normal conditions. However, as with all gemstones, it should be protected from sharp blows and extreme temperature changes to prevent damage.
Tanzanite has a hardness ranging from 6.5 to 7, which is moderately durable but requires more care than topaz. It is important to avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning for tanzanite, as these methods can cause fractures. The gem's most defining characteristic is its strong trichroism, a property that gem cutters must consider to maximize the stone's color and brilliance. Most tanzanite on the market has been heat-treated to enhance its blue color, a standard and accepted practice in the industry.
Turquoise is the softest of the three, with a hardness of 5 to 6. This makes it more susceptible to scratching and wear, especially in rings that are exposed to daily impact. Turquoise is typically opaque, and its color can be affected by chemicals, oils, and even the skin's natural acidity. Many turquoise stones are stabilized (impregnated with wax or resin) to improve durability and color consistency. Natural, untreated turquoise is prized but requires careful handling and cleaning with a soft, damp cloth only.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their physical properties, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise are steeped in symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs that resonate with many individuals. These associations, while not scientifically proven, add a layer of personal significance to the gemstones.
Turquoise is universally regarded as a stone of protection, wisdom, and good fortune. In many cultures, it is believed to ward off negative energy and bring peace to the wearer. Its connection to the sky and water elements reinforces its symbolism of tranquility and spiritual grounding. Historically, it was used by warriors and travelers as a protective talisman, a belief that continues in modern metaphysical practices.
Tanzanite is often called the "stone of transformation." It is associated with spiritual awakening, psychic abilities, and the opening of the third eye chakra. Believers in crystal healing attribute to tanzanite the power to facilitate communication with higher realms, promote compassion, and aid in overcoming grief or trauma. Its rarity and unique color contribute to its perception as a gemstone of spiritual significance and personal growth.
Blue Topaz is linked to clarity, communication, and serenity. It is believed to calm the mind, reduce stress, and enhance honest expression. In metaphysical traditions, blue topaz is thought to align the throat chakra, supporting truthful communication and self-expression. Its calming blue hues are said to bring a sense of peace and emotional balance, making it a popular choice for those seeking mental clarity and emotional stability.
While these beliefs are widely held in various spiritual and holistic communities, it is important to note that they are not supported by empirical scientific evidence. They represent a cultural and personal dimension of gemstone appreciation that exists alongside their geological and gemological attributes.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone jewelry. The differing hardness and stability of Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise necessitate tailored care instructions.
For Blue Topaz, due to its high hardness (8), it is relatively resilient. It can be cleaned safely with warm water, a mild soap, and a soft brush. It is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and sudden temperature changes. While it is durable enough for daily wear, it should still be protected from hard impacts that could cause chipping.
Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7, requires more cautious handling. It should be cleaned only with a soft cloth, mild soap, and lukewarm water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaning, and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone or cause existing fractures to widen. When not in use, tanzanite jewelry should be stored separately in a soft pouch to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
Turquoise, being the softest (5-6 Mohs), demands the most careful attention. It is porous and sensitive to chemicals, including cosmetics, perfumes, and even the oils from skin contact. Cleaning should be done with a soft, dry cloth; avoid water and soap, which can penetrate the stone and affect its color or stability, especially if it is not stabilized. It is best to remove turquoise jewelry before swimming, showering, or engaging in activities that may expose it to harsh substances or physical abrasion.
General advice for all gemstone jewelry includes removing pieces before physical activities, storing them in a lined jewelry box to prevent scratches, and having them inspected periodically by a professional jeweler to ensure the settings are secure.
Conclusion
Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise collectively define the December birthstone trio, each offering a unique combination of color, history, and symbolism. From the ancient protective talisman of turquoise to the transformative spiritual associations of tanzanite and the communicative serenity of blue topaz, these gemstones provide a rich tapestry of meaning for wearers. Their geological origins, from the arid deposits of turquoise to the exclusive rift valley of tanzanite and the treated crystals of blue topaz, highlight the diverse processes that create these beautiful minerals. Understanding their gemological properties, such as hardness and stability, is crucial for their proper care and longevity in jewelry. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or metaphysical attributes, these December gems continue to captivate and inspire, serving as enduring symbols of the month they represent.