For those born in December, the choice of a birthstone is not singular but a vibrant trio: turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. These gemstones, each with its own distinct character and history, offer a spectrum of colors and qualities for jewelry enthusiasts. When presented in bead form, they become the foundation for personalized bracelets, necklaces, and other creations, allowing wearers to connect with their birth month through craftsmanship and personal style. This article delves into the world of these December birthstone beads, exploring their availability, the creative possibilities they present, and the context of their selection as modern birthstones.
The concept of a birthstone for December has evolved over time, with the modern list expanding to include multiple options. This plurality provides a rich palette for jewelers and consumers alike. Turquoise, with its iconic sky-blue to greenish hues, is a classic choice, often associated with ancient cultures and natural beauty. Zircon, a gemstone known for its brilliance and fire, offers a range of colors, most notably the brilliant blue that has become a popular December selection. Tanzanite, a relative newcomer to the gemological world, captivates with its unique violet-blue to purple hues, adding a modern and luxurious touch to the December birthstone collection. When these stones are fashioned into beads, they become versatile components for creating custom jewelry that reflects both personal taste and astrological significance.
The availability of these gemstones in bead form is well-documented in the realm of jewelry-making supplies. Numerous online retailers and bead suppliers offer extensive collections of December birthstone beads, catering to both hobbyists and professional jewelers. These beads come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and finishes, allowing for a high degree of customization. From small, faceted rounds to larger, smooth cabochons, the options are designed to suit different design aesthetics and techniques, such as stringing, knotting, or wire-wrapping. The selection process for these beads is often facilitated by detailed filtering options on supplier websites, which allow users to narrow down choices by size, color, shape, and price, making it easier to find the perfect components for a specific project.
The cultural and historical significance of these stones adds depth to their use in jewelry. Turquoise has been prized for millennia, used in ancient Egyptian, Persian, and Native American art and adornment. Its color is often linked to the sky and water, symbolizing protection, wisdom, and good fortune. Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, and for centuries, it was confused with other gems like diamond and spinel. Its name is derived from the Persian word "zargun," meaning gold-colored, reflecting its historical association with the color gold, though it is most celebrated today for its clear, fiery brilliance and blue varieties. Tanzanite's history is much shorter, discovered in the 20th century in a single location in Tanzania, which gives it its name. Its rapid rise to prominence as a precious gemstone is a testament to its exceptional beauty and rarity. Together, these stones represent a journey from ancient tradition to modern discovery, all converging under the December birthstone umbrella.
For the jewelry maker, working with December birthstone beads offers a tangible connection to these stories. Selecting a strand of turquoise beads can evoke the artistry of ancient artisans, while stringing faceted zircon beads might remind one of the gem's fiery sparkle. Crafting with tanzanite beads brings a sense of modern luxury and exclusivity. The act of creating jewelry with these beads is not just a technical exercise but a creative process that imbues the final piece with meaning, whether as a personal talisman, a gift for a loved one, or a wearable piece of art. The beads serve as a medium through which the qualities and histories of the stones are translated into a form that can be worn and appreciated daily.
In summary, the December birthstones—turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—offer a diverse and rich selection for bead-based jewelry creation. Their availability in various bead forms empowers individuals to engage directly with their birth month's gems, transforming raw materials into personalized adornments. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these beads carry layers of historical, cultural, and geological significance, making each piece of jewelry not only beautiful but also meaningful. As we explore the specifics of these gemstones, their properties, and their care, we gain a deeper appreciation for the artistry and science that bring these December gems to life in bead form.
The Modern December Birthstone Trio: An Overview
The modern birthstone list for December is notably pluralistic, encompassing three distinct gemstones: turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. This selection, established by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and recognized by the jewelry industry, provides a range of options that cater to different tastes, budgets, and design preferences. The inclusion of multiple stones for a single month is a relatively modern development, moving away from the more rigid, single-stone traditions of the past. For December, this triad offers a spectrum of colors from the sky-blue of turquoise to the fiery brilliance of zircon and the unique violet-blue of tanzanite.
Turquoise, the most ancient of the three, is a phosphate mineral known for its distinctive blue to green color, often with a matrix of host rock. It has been mined and used for over 6,000 years, making it one of the earliest gemstones utilized by humans. Its popularity as a December birthstone is rooted in its long-standing cultural significance and its timeless appeal in jewelry. As a bead, turquoise is often used in its natural, opaque form, showcasing its characteristic color and matrix patterns, which make each bead unique.
Zircon, a silicate mineral, is the oldest known mineral on Earth, with some crystals dating back over 4.4 billion years. It is highly valued for its exceptional refractive index and high dispersion, which give it a brilliant sparkle often compared to that of diamond. While zircon occurs in a variety of colors, the blue variety, often achieved through heat treatment of brown zircon, has become the most popular choice for December. As beads, zircon is typically faceted to maximize its brilliance and fire, making it a stunning choice for elegant and sparkling jewelry designs.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is the newest member of the December birthstone family. Discovered in Tanzania in 1967, it is prized for its striking blue-violet to purple hues, a color range that is virtually unique among gemstones. Its color is often described as "velvety" and is most intense when viewed in specific lighting conditions. As a bead, tanzanite can be faceted to enhance its color and brilliance or left in a smooth, polished cabochon form to showcase its rich saturation. Its rarity and unique color make it a sought-after choice for distinctive and luxurious jewelry.
The availability of these stones in bead form is extensive in the jewelry-making market. Suppliers offer a wide array of options, including faceted rounds, bicones, rondelles, and smooth cabochons in various sizes. For example, beads can range from small 3-3.9mm rounds to larger 8-8.9mm or even custom shapes like 6x4mm ovals. This variety allows jewelers to create pieces ranging from delicate, understated designs to bold, statement jewelry. The beads are often sold in strands or by the piece, and many suppliers provide filtering tools to help customers select beads by size, color, shape, and price, ensuring they can find the perfect components for their projects.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The historical journey of each December birthstone is a testament to their enduring appeal and cultural importance. Turquoise, with its millennia-long history, is perhaps the most deeply embedded in human culture. Ancient civilizations across the globe prized this stone. The Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise jewelry, and the stone was found in the burial mask of Tutankhamun. In Persian culture, turquoise was a symbol of protection and was often set into jewelry and amulets. For many Native American tribes, particularly in the American Southwest, turquoise is a sacred stone, representing the sky and water, and is integral to their spiritual practices and artistry. Its association with December is a modern convention, but its historical significance as a talisman for protection, wisdom, and good fortune has made it a perennial favorite.
Zircon's history is one of both confusion and reverence. As one of the oldest minerals on Earth, it has been found in ancient geological formations and has been used in jewelry for centuries. Its name is derived from the Persian "zargun," meaning gold-colored, which reflects its historical association with the color gold. However, zircon has often been mistaken for other gemstones, most notably diamond and spinel. The famous "Mogul Emerald" of the Mughal Empire, for instance, is actually a large zircon. Despite these historical confusions, zircon has long been valued for its brilliance. In the Middle Ages, it was believed to promote honor, purity, and wisdom, and was thought to help with sleep and bring prosperity. Its selection as a December birthstone capitalizes on its fiery sparkle and its historical reputation as a stone of virtue and clarity.
Tanzanite's history is remarkably brief but dramatic. It was first discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. The gemstone was identified as a variety of zoisite and quickly gained international attention for its unique violet-blue color, which is caused by the presence of vanadium and heat from geological processes. Its rarity, being found only in this single location worldwide, adds to its allure. The Tiffany & Co. jewelry company recognized its potential and launched a major marketing campaign in 1968, naming it after its country of origin and promoting it as a "gemstone of a generation." Its status as a December birthstone was officially recognized in 2002 by the AGTA, making it the newest addition to the modern birthstone list. Its history is a story of modern discovery, brilliant marketing, and rapid ascent to gemological fame.
The journey of these stones to becoming December birthstones is a reflection of evolving traditions. The modern birthstone list, established in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) and updated periodically, was created to standardize and popularize gemstone jewelry. The inclusion of zircon and tanzanite alongside turquoise for December demonstrates a trend towards offering consumers more choice and variety. This pluralism allows individuals to select a stone that resonates with their personal style, whether they prefer the ancient charm of turquoise, the classic brilliance of zircon, or the modern elegance of tanzanite. For bead enthusiasts, this means a rich palette of colors and textures to work with, each stone carrying its own unique story and cultural weight.
Geological Formation and Mining Sources
Understanding the geological origins of turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite provides insight into their rarity, characteristics, and value. Each stone forms under distinct conditions, leading to variations in quality, color, and availability.
Turquoise is a secondary mineral that forms in arid or semi-arid regions where acidic, copper-rich water percolates through rocks containing phosphorus and aluminum. This process, which can take millions of years, results in the precipitation of turquoise in fractures and voids within the host rock. The color of turquoise is primarily determined by its copper content (blue hues) and iron content (green hues), with the presence of other trace elements and the host rock's matrix contributing to its unique patterns. Major mining sources for turquoise include the United States (particularly Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico), Iran (historically the source of the finest "Persian turquoise"), China, and Afghanistan. The quality of turquoise varies significantly; some is hard and dense enough for jewelry, while other specimens are softer and more porous, often requiring stabilization (a treatment with wax or resin) to enhance durability.
Zircon forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks, particularly in granites and pegmatites. It is a common mineral in many rock types but gem-quality crystals are rarer. The formation of blue zircon typically involves heating brown or yellow zircon at high temperatures (often above 900°C) in a controlled environment. This heat treatment, which is permanent and widely accepted in the trade, changes the crystal's color to the vibrant blue hues prized for jewelry. Natural blue zircon is exceptionally rare. The primary sources of gem-quality zircon include Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, and Australia. Australian zircon is known for its high clarity and is often used for its natural brown colors, but the blue varieties from Southeast Asia are most sought after for December birthstones.
Tanzanite's geological story is unique. It is a variety of zoisite, a mineral that forms in metamorphic rocks. The specific conditions that created tanzanite are incredibly rare, occurring in only one location on Earth: the Merelani Hills in Tanzania. The gemstone's formation is linked to the tectonic activity in the East African Rift Valley, where heat and pressure transformed the host rock, introducing vanadium which caused the distinctive blue-violet color. The mining area is relatively small, and the deposits are believed to be finite, contributing to tanzanite's rarity. While there have been occasional reports of zoisite with similar colors found elsewhere, the unique quality and saturation of Tanzanian tanzanite have not been replicated. This singular source makes tanzanite one of the most geographically restricted precious gemstones in the world.
The mining and sourcing of these beads involve complex supply chains. For turquoise, mining can range from small-scale artisanal operations to larger commercial mines. The material is then cut, shaped, and polished into beads. Zircon and tanzanite are typically mined as rough crystals, which are then cut and faceted by skilled gem cutters before being drilled and polished into beads. The bead-making process for these harder stones requires precision to avoid damaging the crystals. The availability of beads from these sources is influenced by the overall production of gem-quality rough material, which can be affected by mining conditions, political stability in source countries, and market demand.
Gemological Properties and Bead Characteristics
The gemological properties of turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite define their durability, appearance, and suitability for use as beads in jewelry. Understanding these characteristics is essential for both selecting and caring for these gemstones.
Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum, with a chemical formula of CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O. It has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching and abrasion. This softness is a key consideration when using turquoise in beads, especially for bracelets that may experience daily wear. Turquoise has a trigonal crystal system and an opaque to waxy luster. Its color ranges from sky blue to blue-green, often with a brown or black matrix (the host rock). The refractive index of turquoise is relatively low, around 1.61, and it does not exhibit the brilliance of faceted stones. As beads, turquoise is typically cut into smooth, rounded shapes like rounds, ovals, or nuggets. The surface is often polished to a satin or waxy finish. Due to its porosity, many turquoise beads are stabilized to prevent discoloration and increase durability.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate with a chemical formula of ZrSiO₄. It is a much harder gemstone, ranking 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable and suitable for beads in various types of jewelry, including rings and bracelets. Zircon has a tetragonal crystal system and a high refractive index (1.92-2.01) and high dispersion (0.039), which gives it exceptional brilliance and fire, often compared to diamond. Its specific gravity is also high (4.6-4.7). Natural zircon occurs in a variety of colors, but the blue variety used for December birthstones is typically the result of heat treatment. As beads, zircon is almost always faceted to maximize its light performance. Common faceted bead shapes include rounds, bicones, and rondelles. The faceting catches and reflects light, creating a sparkling effect that makes zircon beads particularly eye-catching in jewelry designs.
Tanzanite is a variety of zoisite, with a chemical formula of Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH). It has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, placing it in a similar durability range to zircon and making it suitable for most jewelry applications, though care should be taken to avoid sharp blows. Tanzanite is pleochroic, meaning it exhibits different colors when viewed from different crystal directions—typically blue, violet, and burgundy. This property is most noticeable in faceted stones. It has a triclinic crystal system and a refractive index of 1.69 to 1.70. The color of tanzanite is its most defining feature, ranging from a light lavender to a deep, saturated violet-blue. As beads, tanzanite can be faceted to enhance its color and brilliance, or cut into smooth cabochons to showcase its rich, even color. Faceted tanzanite beads are particularly prized for their velvety appearance and the interplay of blue and violet hues.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties for these December birthstones:
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon | Tanzanite (Zoisite) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | ZrSiO₄ | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) |
| Mohs Hardness | 5 - 6 | 6.5 - 7.5 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal | Tetragonal | Triclinic |
| Refractive Index | ~1.61 | 1.92 - 2.01 | 1.69 - 1.70 |
| Primary Color | Sky blue to green | Blue (heat-treated), also brown, yellow, red | Blue-violet to purple |
| Key Characteristics | Opaque, often with matrix, soft, porous | High brilliance & fire, durable, often faceted | Pleochroic (shows different colors), unique hue |
For bead enthusiasts, these properties translate into practical considerations. Turquoise beads require gentle handling and storage to avoid scratches. They are ideal for designs where a matte, earthy, or artistic look is desired. Zircon and tanzanite beads, with their higher hardness and brilliance, are excellent for creating sparkling, elegant pieces. The faceting on these beads makes them catch light beautifully, adding movement and energy to jewelry designs. The choice between a faceted bead and a smooth cabochon can dramatically alter the final look of a piece, with facets offering more sparkle and cabochons providing a more subdued, color-focused presentation.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their physical beauty and gemological properties, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite are steeped in symbolism and metaphysical beliefs that have been passed down through cultures and generations. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, add a layer of meaning to the stones and are a significant factor for many people who choose to wear them.
Turquoise is perhaps the most symbolically rich of the three. Across numerous cultures, it has been regarded as a stone of protection, healing, and wisdom. In ancient Egypt, it was used for protection in the afterlife and was associated with the goddess Hathor. For Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo, Zuni, and Pueblo peoples, turquoise is a sacred stone that connects the wearer to the sky and water, bringing rain, health, and good fortune. It is often called the "Sky Stone" and is believed to promote spiritual attunement and inner calm. In metaphysical circles, turquoise is said to be a master healer, balancing and aligning all the chakras, and protecting the wearer from negative energy. It is also associated with communication, helping to express oneself clearly and honestly.
Zircon has a long history of metaphysical associations, often linked to its brilliance and durability. In the Middle Ages, it was believed to promote honor, purity, and wisdom, and was thought to help with sleep and bring prosperity. It was also considered a stone of virtue and integrity. Today, in crystal healing, zircon is associated with spiritual grounding and protection. It is believed to help release old patterns and beliefs, promoting new beginnings and clarity of thought. Blue zircon, in particular, is said to be a stone of tranquility and peace, helping to calm an overactive mind and encouraging a sense of stability and focus. Its fiery sparkle is thought to ignite one's passion and creativity.
Tanzanite, as a newer gemstone, has more contemporary metaphysical associations, though it draws on the properties of zoisite. It is often called the "Stone of Transformation" and is believed to facilitate major life changes and spiritual awakening. Its unique color, which bridges the physical and spiritual realms, is said to stimulate the higher chakras, particularly the third eye and crown chakras, enhancing intuition, psychic abilities, and spiritual perception. In terms of emotional healing, tanzanite is thought to help overcome feelings of being stuck or stagnant, encouraging a forward-moving, positive outlook. It is also associated with compassion and empathy, helping the wearer to connect more deeply with others.
It is important to note that these metaphysical beliefs are part of cultural and spiritual traditions and are not supported by scientific evidence. However, for many individuals, these symbolic meanings enhance the personal connection to their birthstone. The act of choosing a bead based on its perceived properties—such as turquoise for protection, zircon for clarity, or tanzanite for transformation—can be a meaningful part of the jewelry-making process. Whether worn for their believed spiritual benefits or simply for their beauty, these December birthstones carry a rich tapestry of human meaning and intention.
Care and Maintenance for Beaded Jewelry
Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of jewelry made with turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite beads. Due to their differing physical properties, each stone requires specific handling and cleaning methods.
Turquoise Care: Given its relatively low hardness (5-6 on Mohs scale) and porosity, turquoise is the most delicate of the three. It is susceptible to scratches, chemicals, and prolonged exposure to water or sunlight, which can cause fading or discoloration. To clean turquoise beads, use a soft, dry cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, and harsh chemicals, including household cleaners and even some lotions and perfumes, which can damage the stone's surface and any stabilizing treatments. Store turquoise jewelry separately in a soft pouch or lined jewelry box to prevent it from being scratched by harder stones. If the turquoise becomes dirty, a slightly damp cloth with water (not soaking) can be used, but it must be dried immediately and thoroughly. For heavily soiled pieces, professional cleaning by a jeweler experienced with turquoise is recommended.
Zircon Care: Zircon is a durable stone (6.5-7.5 on Mohs scale) and can be cleaned with standard methods. It is safe to use warm, soapy water and a soft brush (like a toothbrush) to clean zircon beads, which will effectively remove dirt and oils from between beads and facets. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for zircon, but caution is advised if the stone has fractures or inclusions. Steam cleaning is also typically safe. However, zircon is somewhat brittle and can be prone to chipping if struck hard, so it should be handled with care. When storing zircon jewelry, it is best to keep it in a separate compartment or pouch to protect its facets from scratches and to prevent it from damaging softer stones.
Tanzanite Care: Tanzanite has a hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and chipping due to its cleavage (a tendency to break along flat planes). It is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes. Cleaning tanzanite beads is best done with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as the vibrations and heat can potentially cause damage, especially if the stone has any internal fractures. It is also advisable to avoid wearing tanzanite jewelry during activities that could subject it to hard knocks or abrasions. When not in use, store tanzanite pieces in a soft, padded jewelry box, ideally in their own compartment to prevent contact with other gems that could scratch the surface.
For all three types of beads, the stringing material and findings used in the jewelry also require consideration. Regularly inspect the stringing wire, cord, or thread for signs of wear, especially for bracelets and necklaces that experience frequent movement. Re-stringing may be necessary over time to prevent breakage and loss of beads. Additionally, the metal findings (clasps, jump rings) should be checked for security. By following these care guidelines, jewelry made with December birthstone beads can remain beautiful and wearable for years to come, preserving both the gems and the personal significance they hold.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—offer a remarkable diversity of color, history, and character for jewelry enthusiasts. As beads, they provide a versatile medium for creating personalized adornments that carry both aesthetic appeal and symbolic meaning. From the ancient, protective qualities of turquoise to the brilliant fire of zircon and the transformative energy of tanzanite, each stone tells a unique story. Their gemological properties, from the soft, matrix-rich turquoise to the durable, faceted zircon and pleochroic tanzanite, inform both their use in design and the care they require. The modern selection of these three stones for December reflects a broader appreciation for choice and individuality in birthstone jewelry. Whether selected for their historical lore, geological rarity, or metaphysical associations, beads crafted from these gems allow individuals to connect with the legacy of December in a tangible and creative way. By understanding their origins, properties, and care, one can fully appreciate the enduring beauty and significance of the December birthstone triad.