The month of December is uniquely associated with three distinct and captivating gemstones: Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise. This trio offers a remarkable spectrum of color, from the serene sky-blue of Topaz to the vivid violet-blue of Tanzanite and the historic robin's egg blue of Turquoise. Each stone carries its own narrative of geological formation, cultural significance, and modern symbolism, making December one of the most versatile months for birthstone jewelry. These gems are celebrated not only for their beauty but also for the diverse qualities they are believed to impart—from communication and wisdom to spiritual growth and protection. This article delves into the rich tapestry of information surrounding these December birthstones, examining their history, geological origins, gemological properties, and the symbolism that has made them enduring favorites in the world of fine jewelry.
History and Lore
The historical journey of December's birthstones is as varied as their colors. Turquoise stands out as one of the most ancient gemstones used in human adornment. Its use spans millennia and continents, with early civilizations valuing it for its striking hue and perceived protective powers. The lore surrounding Turquoise is deeply rooted in cultures across the globe, where it has been consistently associated with good fortune and safeguarding. This ancient gemstone has been a fixture in jewelry for thousands of years, its enduring popularity a testament to its timeless appeal and the cultural weight it carries.
In contrast, Blue Topaz and Tanzanite have more recent histories in the gemological world, particularly in their roles as prominent birthstones. Blue Topaz, while known in antiquity, gained widespread recognition as a December birthstone in more modern times. It is associated with qualities of communication, wisdom, and serenity. Its clear, calming blue tones have made it a symbol of peace and positive energy, aligning with the reflective nature of the winter month it represents.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family. This rare violet-blue gemstone was only discovered in the 20th century and has since captivated the gem world with its unique color and scarcity. Its lore is intrinsically linked to its modern discovery and rapid rise to prominence. Tanzanite is often associated with spiritual growth and transformation, reflecting its status as a gemstone that emerged in a new era. Its journey from a local curiosity to a globally celebrated birthstone is a remarkable story of geological fortune and cultural adoption.
The assignment of these three stones to December is a product of the modern birthstone list, which has evolved over time to include a variety of gems for each month. The inclusion of Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise provides individuals born in December with a choice of stones that cater to different aesthetic preferences and symbolic meanings, from the ancient protective qualities of Turquoise to the transformative energy of Tanzanite.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gemstones reveals why they are found in specific regions of the world. Each stone forms under unique conditions, contributing to its distinct characteristics and availability.
Turquoise is a secondary mineral that forms in arid or semi-arid regions. It is not directly crystallized from magma but rather precipitates from the circulation of water through phosphate-rich rocks. This process often occurs in the near-surface environment, leading to the formation of nodules, veins, or botryoidal masses. The most prized turquoise deposits are typically found in areas with a history of volcanic activity. Historically, significant sources have been located in the Southwestern United States (notably Arizona and New Mexico), Iran (Persia), and the Sinai Peninsula. The color of turquoise is heavily influenced by the presence of copper (which contributes to the blue hue) and iron or zinc (which can shift the color toward green). The stone's matrix, or the host rock in which it is found, also adds to its unique patterning.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. It forms in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatites and high-temperature veins. The gemstone's natural color is typically pale blue or colorless, but the vibrant blue hues seen in commercial jewelry are almost always the result of irradiation treatment. This process involves exposing colorless or pale blue topaz to controlled radiation, which alters its crystal structure and produces the desired saturated blue color. Major sources of topaz include Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. The treatment process is a standard industry practice and is considered stable, making these blue topaz gems durable and affordable for a wide market.
Tanzanite is the blue to violet variety of the mineral zoisite, with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH). Its formation is exceptionally rare, requiring a unique combination of geological conditions. Tanzanite is found in only one location in the world: the Merelani Hills of Northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This area was once covered by the sea, and the tectonic activity that created the East African Rift led to the metamorphism of the host rocks, allowing the necessary elements to combine and form zoisite. The distinctive violet-blue color of tanzanite is caused by the presence of vanadium within its crystal structure. The scarcity of its single-source origin makes tanzanite one of the rarest gemstones, with deposits that are finite and increasingly difficult to mine.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise differ significantly, which influences their durability, care, and suitability for various types of jewelry.
| Property | Blue Topaz | Tanzanite | Turquoise |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Hydrated copper aluminum phosphate |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Orthorhombic | Triclinic (massive, no distinct crystals) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 | 6.5 - 7 | 5 - 6 |
| Refractive Index | 1.609 - 1.629 | 1.690 - 1.700 | 1.610 - 1.650 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.49 - 3.57 | 3.35 | 2.60 - 2.90 |
| Common Treatments | Irradiation (to achieve blue color) | Heat treatment (to enhance color and clarity) | Stabilization (to improve durability and color) |
Blue Topaz is a gemstone of notable durability, ranking 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes it highly resistant to scratching and suitable for everyday wear in rings and bracelets. Its clarity is typically very good, with most commercial stones being eye-clean. The refractive index is moderate, contributing to its pleasant luster. The vast majority of blue topaz on the market is colorless topaz that has been irradiated to achieve its blue hue, a process that is permanent and stable.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it somewhat softer than topaz but still suitable for most jewelry applications, particularly in protected settings like pendants or earrings. It is known for its strong trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and burgundy—depending on the crystal orientation and lighting. Most tanzanite is heat-treated to remove brownish tones and enhance the desirable blue-violet color; this treatment is standard and stable. Its clarity is generally good, with fewer inclusions than many other colored gemstones.
Turquoise is the softest of the three, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale. This makes it more susceptible to scratching and damage, requiring careful handling. It is an opaque gemstone, valued for its color and matrix patterns rather than transparency. Most turquoise on the market is stabilized, a process where the porous stone is impregnated with a clear resin or wax to improve its durability, enhance color, and prevent it from absorbing oils and dirt. This treatment is widely accepted and necessary for the stone's longevity in jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic meanings attached to these gemstones are a key part of their appeal, drawing from both historical traditions and modern metaphysical beliefs.
Blue Topaz is often associated with qualities of communication, wisdom, and serenity. It is believed to promote honest and clear expression, making it a favorite for those who seek to enhance their communication skills. The stone's calming blue color is linked to peace and tranquility, and it is thought to help reduce stress and foster a sense of calm. In modern metaphysical circles, it is sometimes connected to the Throat Chakra, which governs communication.
Tanzanite, as a relatively new gemstone, has developed a modern symbolism centered on spiritual growth and transformation. Its unique color and single-source rarity contribute to its perception as a stone of high spiritual vibration. It is believed to facilitate a connection between the heart and the mind, encouraging a deeper understanding of oneself and the universe. Many associate it with the Crown Chakra, relating to higher consciousness and spiritual awakening. Its lore is intrinsically tied to its discovery and the idea of a gemstone for a new age.
Turquoise carries the most ancient and widespread symbolism of the three. It is universally known as a stone of protection and good fortune. Across many cultures, from Native American tribes to ancient Egyptian pharaohs, Turquoise was worn as an amulet to ward off negative energy, ensure safe travel, and bring prosperity. Its connection to the sky and water elements reinforces its symbolic role as a protector and a source of life-giving energy. It is also believed to promote emotional balance and healing.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and integrity of these gemstones, with methods varying according to their individual properties.
Blue Topaz, with its high hardness, is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned safely using warm water, a mild soap, and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for untreated and irradiated topaz, but it is always advisable to check with a jeweler first, especially if the stone has any fractures. Due to its durability, it is well-suited for rings that are worn daily.
Tanzanite requires more careful handling due to its lower hardness and perfect cleavage in one direction, which makes it susceptible to breaking if struck with force. It is best cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and sudden temperature changes, as these can cause damage. It is recommended to remove tanzanite jewelry during physical activities or when applying lotions or chemicals.
Turquoise is the most delicate of the three and demands the most attention. It is porous and can be damaged by chemicals, cosmetics, perfumes, and even sweat. The best cleaning method is a soft, dry cloth. If needed, it can be wiped with a damp cloth and immediately dried thoroughly. It should never be submerged in water, especially if it is stabilized, as prolonged exposure can affect the stabilizing agent. Store turquoise separately to avoid scratches from harder gemstones. Due to its softness, it is best suited for earrings, pendants, and rings that are not subject to frequent impact.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise—offer a compelling trio that spans ancient history and modern discovery. From the protective talisman of Turquoise, cherished for millennia, to the communicative clarity of Blue Topaz and the transformative energy of Tanzanite, each stone provides a unique connection to the month's themes of reflection, peace, and renewal. Their distinct gemological properties dictate different care requirements, making them suitable for various jewelry applications. Ultimately, the choice between these three gems allows for a personal expression of style and meaning, whether one is drawn to the timeless lore of Turquoise, the serene wisdom of Blue Topaz, or the rare and spiritual allure of Tanzanite. Together, they form a rich and diverse family of gemstones that celebrate the unique character of those born in December.