For those born in December, the birthstone selection is uniquely diverse, offering a spectrum of blue hues that range from the earthy tones of turquoise to the vibrant violet of tanzanite and the clear brilliance of blue zircon. Unlike months with a single designated gem, December's birthstones provide a rich array of choices, each with distinct histories, properties, and meanings. This article delves into the geological origins, gemological characteristics, historical significance, and cultural symbolism of December's primary birthstones: Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and the widely accepted modern alternative, Blue Topaz. Understanding these gems allows enthusiasts and collectors to appreciate the depth behind their beauty and make informed choices for jewelry and personal adornment.
The tradition of birthstones is ancient, with roots in the belief that specific gemstones could bring good fortune and protection to individuals born in a particular month. Over time, these beliefs evolved into a standardized list, though December's list has remained notably expansive. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) recognizes Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon as December's traditional birthstones, while Blue Topaz has gained significant popularity as a modern alternative, especially in the United States. This variety ensures that every December-born individual can find a gem that resonates with their personal style and preference.
Each of these stones is characterized by its blue coloration, yet they present a fascinating study in contrast. Turquoise is semi-translucent to opaque, often featuring a distinctive matrix of host rock. Tanzanite is prized for its pleochroic nature, displaying shifting shades of blue and violet. Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, offers exceptional brilliance and fire. Blue Topaz, with its range from pale sky to deep aqua, provides a durable and affordable option. The following sections will explore these gems in detail, covering their history, formation, properties, symbolism, and care.
History and Lore
The historical journey of December's birthstones spans millennia and continents, with each gem carrying a legacy of human use and belief. Turquoise is among the oldest known gemstones, cherished for thousands of years. The pharaohs and rulers of ancient Egypt adorned themselves with this gem, and Chinese artisans were carving it more than 3,000 years ago. Its significance extended to various cultures, including Native American tribes, where it held a vital role in spiritual and daily life. The Apache believed turquoise could be found by following a rainbow to its end, and it was often used in ceremonial objects and jewelry.
Turquoise was also steeped in protective lore. From the 13th century onward, it was believed to safeguard the wearer from falls, particularly from horses, and would break into pieces at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics maintained that seeing a turquoise after observing the new moon ensured fantastic wealth. These ancient beliefs highlight the stone's association with health, good fortune, and protection, attributes that have persisted in modern metaphysical interpretations.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent addition to the gemstone world, was discovered in the mid-20th century. While it lacks the ancient history of turquoise, its lore is tied to its unique origin and transformative qualities. It is often associated with new beginnings and transformation, reflecting its sudden appearance on the gemological scene and its captivating color shift. The stone is found exclusively in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, adding an element of rarity and geographic mystique to its story.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back billions of years. It has been used throughout history, though often confused with other gems like diamond due to its high brilliance. Its history is less documented in specific cultural lore compared to turquoise, but it is associated with clarity, wisdom, and balance. In modern times, blue zircon has become a popular choice for jewelry, appreciated for its sparkle and durability.
Blue Topaz, while not traditionally listed as a December birthstone in older systems, has been embraced in modern lists, particularly in the United States. The name "Topaz" originates from the Greek word "Topazios," the ancient name for an island in the Red Sea. Ironically, the stones mined there were later identified as peridot, not topaz, but the name endured. Blue topaz is valued for its clear, icy blue hues and is often treated to achieve its vibrant color. Its rise as a December birthstone reflects a shift towards offering more color options and affordable alternatives.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation and sourcing of these gems are as varied as their appearances. Turquoise is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum, formed in arid regions where acidic water percolates through rocks rich in copper and aluminum. This process occurs over millions of years. While turquoise is mined worldwide, significant sources include the United States (particularly Arizona and New Mexico), Iran, and China. The gem often retains a matrix—the host rock in which it formed—which can appear as brown or black veins, adding to its distinctive character.
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, colored by traces of vanadium. It forms under specific geological conditions in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This region is the only known source of tanzanite, making it exceptionally rare. The gemstone's formation is linked to the tectonic activity and metamorphic processes that occurred in this area, contributing to its unique color and pleochroic properties.
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that crystallizes in a range of geological environments, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It is found in many locations globally, with significant sources in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Australia, and Norway. Blue zircon is typically heat-treated to enhance its color from brown or yellow hues to a desirable blue. The mineral's durability and high refractive index make it a prized gemstone.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminum and fluorine. Natural blue topaz is rare, and most commercial blue topaz is produced by irradiating and heat-treating colorless topaz. Topaz forms in pegmatites and volcanic cavities. While topaz is mined in several countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka, the blue variety is a product of modern gemological treatment. Its widespread availability is due to these processes, making it an accessible option for jewelry.
Gemological Properties
The physical and optical properties of December's birthstones vary significantly, influencing their use in jewelry and care requirements. The following table summarizes key gemological data based on the provided sources.
| Property | Tanzanite | Turquoise | Zircon | Blue Topaz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural Color | Blue to violet | Sky blue to greenish | Blue | Pale blue to dark blue |
| Heat Treatment | Common | Stabilization common | Common | Common |
| Mohs Hardness | 6 to 7 | 5 to 6 | 6.5 to 7.5 | 8 |
| Best For | Occasional rings, earrings, pendants | Earrings, pendants, beads | Earrings, pendants, and protected rings | Daily wear rings, all jewelry |
| Sensitivity | Prone to chipping | Sensitive to chemicals and moisture | Brittle at edges | Sensitive to sharp impacts |
| Geographic Origin | Tanzania only | Worldwide | Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Australia | Worldwide |
| Care Needs | Gentle cleaning only | Very gentle, avoid all chemicals | Avoid steam and ultrasonic | Mild care, avoid sharp hits |
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem ranging from blue to green, often with a matrix of host rock. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratching and chemical damage. It is sensitive to moisture and chemicals, requiring careful handling. Stabilization—a process where the stone is impregnated with a resin to improve durability and color—is common for turquoise.
Tanzanite exhibits a blue to violet color and is known for its pleochroism, meaning it shows different colors when viewed from different angles. It has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, which is moderate, but it is prone to chipping due to its cleavage. It is found only in Tanzania and requires gentle cleaning to avoid damage.
Zircon is available in various colors, but blue zircon is particularly valued for its brilliance. It has a high Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7.5, but it can be brittle at the edges. Zircon is commonly heat-treated to achieve its blue color. It is found in several countries, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia. Care should be taken to avoid steam and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can cause damage.
Blue Topaz ranges from pale blue to dark blue and is typically treated to achieve its color. It has a high Mohs hardness of 8, making it durable for everyday wear. However, it is sensitive to sharp impacts. Blue topaz is sourced worldwide, and while it is generally affordable, high-quality specimens can be valuable. Mild cleaning is sufficient, but it should be protected from hard knocks.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism and metaphysical beliefs associated with December's birthstones are deeply rooted in their historical and cultural contexts. Turquoise is strongly linked to protection, good fortune, and healing. It is believed to promote health, happiness, peace, and positive energy. In Native American cultures, turquoise is sacred and is used in jewelry and ceremonial objects. The stone is also thought to offer spiritual protection and enhance communication.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, new beginnings, and spiritual awakening. Its unique color shift is seen as a metaphor for change and growth. It is believed to stimulate the throat and third eye chakras, enhancing intuition and communication. As a relatively new gemstone, its metaphysical properties are more modern interpretations, often tied to its rarity and discovery story.
Zircon is linked to clarity, wisdom, and balance. It is believed to promote mental clarity, focus, and spiritual growth. Some traditions associate zircon with prosperity and protection. Its high refractive index and brilliance are seen as symbols of inner light and truth.
Blue Topaz is associated with calm, clarity, and communication. It is believed to soothe emotions, reduce stress, and enhance creative expression. The icy blue hue is often connected to the throat chakra, aiding in honest and clear communication. As a modern alternative, its symbolism is often derived from its color and the general properties attributed to topaz.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December's birthstones, given their varied hardness and sensitivity. Turquoise, with its Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, is the most delicate. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid all chemicals, including household cleaners, and protect it from prolonged exposure to moisture, as it can absorb water and become discolored or damaged. Stabilized turquoise is more durable but still requires gentle handling.
Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6 to 7, is prone to chipping due to its cleavage. It should be cleaned only with mild soap and water, avoiding ultrasonic cleaners and steam. It is best suited for jewelry that is not exposed to rough wear, such as earrings and pendants, or rings with protective settings.
Zircon, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5, is relatively durable but can be brittle. Avoid steam and ultrasonic cleaners, as they may cause fractures. Regular cleaning with a soft brush and mild detergent is recommended. When setting zircon in rings, ensure the stone is well-protected to prevent impact damage.
Blue Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is the most durable of the group and suitable for daily wear. However, it is sensitive to sharp impacts. Clean it with mild soap and water, and avoid harsh chemicals. While it can withstand more wear, it is still advisable to remove it during strenuous activities to prevent chipping or cracking.
Conclusion
December's birthstones—Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon, and Blue Topaz—offer a remarkable diversity of color, history, and meaning. From the ancient protective talisman of turquoise to the modern allure of blue topaz, each gemstone provides a unique connection to the month. Their geological origins span the globe, from the arid regions of the American Southwest to the exclusive deposits of Tanzania, reflecting the Earth's varied processes. Gemologically, they range from soft and opaque to hard and brilliant, each requiring specific care to preserve their beauty. Symbolically, they embody protection, transformation, wisdom, and communication, allowing individuals to choose a stone that aligns with their personal journey. This rich tapestry of attributes ensures that December's birthstones remain cherished by gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology alike.