For those born in December, the choice of a birthstone is not a single gem but a vibrant spectrum of blue. While many months are assigned a single stone, December is uniquely associated with a quartet of distinct gemstones: the ancient Turquoise, the recently discovered Tanzanite, the brilliant Zircon, and the popular Blue Topaz. This diversity offers a remarkable range of colors, histories, and properties, reflecting the complex and multifaceted nature of the year's final month. From the opaque, sky-blue Turquoise revered by ancient civilizations to the vivid, violet-blue Tanzanite found only in a single location on Earth, each gemstone tells a unique story. This comprehensive guide delves into the history, geology, gemological characteristics, and symbolism of December's birthstones, providing an expert resource for enthusiasts, collectors, and anyone captivated by the allure of these blue gems.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The concept of birthstones, while popularized in modern times, has ancient roots. The practice of associating specific gemstones with individuals can be traced back to ancient civilizations, including those of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where gemstones were believed to possess mystical and healing properties. The modern list of birthstones, however, has evolved significantly over centuries, with December’s collection being a prime example of this evolution.
Turquoise is arguably the most ancient of the December birthstones. Its name is derived from the French phrase pierre turquoise, meaning "stone of Turkey." This nomenclature arose because the gem was brought to Europe from Turkish bazaars, though its origins lie elsewhere. This December birthstone has been cherished for millennia. The pharaohs and other rulers of ancient Egypt adorned themselves with it, and Chinese artisans were carving it more than 3,000 years ago. For centuries, Turquoise was believed to possess many beneficial powers, guaranteeing health and good fortune. From the 13th century onward, a widespread belief held that it could protect the wearer from falls, particularly from horses, and would break into several pieces at the approach of disaster. Hindu mystics maintained that seeing a turquoise after beholding the new moon ensured fantastic wealth. In the Americas, Turquoise played an important role in the lives of Native Americans; the Apache believed it could be found by following a rainbow to its end.
In contrast to Turquoise’s ancient lineage, Tanzanite is a remarkably recent addition to the world of gemstones. Discovered in the 20th century, its story is one of modernity and serendipity. While it has quickly been embraced for its unique color, its history is not steeped in millennia of lore but in contemporary appreciation. The other traditional stones, Zircon and Blue Topaz, also have their own historical narratives. Topaz itself is believed to derive from the Sanskrit word "tapas," meaning fire, and historically was associated with strength and protection. In modern times, Blue Topaz is known as the blue birthstone of December, representing love and fidelity.
The official recognition of these stones has been formalized by gemological authorities. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) lists Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon as December’s birthstones, noting their varied blue-to-green and violet hues. Over time, the list expanded. Blue Topaz, gaining more popularity in modern times, is now frequently treated as a mainstream December birthstone, offering consumers more flexibility in price, durability, and style. This expansion reflects a desire to provide a variety of colors and options, making the choice for a December birthstone a more personal and exciting endeavor.
Geological Formation and Mining Sources
The origins of these gemstones are as diverse as their histories, spanning different continents and geological processes.
Turquoise is a secondary mineral formed by the interaction of groundwater with rocks containing copper and aluminum. The turquoise birthstone is formed by groundwater containing copper that has seeped into the bedrock. Reactions with other minerals over time form an opaque stone of stunning shades of blues and greens. The dark lines and shapes seen in turquoise are derived from the surrounding rock, known as matrix. Major sources for Turquoise include the United States, particularly the Southwestern states, as well as Iran, Egypt, and China. While specific mining locations for Turquoise are not detailed in the provided sources, its formation process is clearly described.
Tanzanite is notable for its extremely limited geographic source. It is found in only one place on Earth: a small mining area in the Merelani Hills of Northern Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. This exclusivity contributes significantly to its value and allure. The sources do not provide details on its specific geological formation process, only its singular location.
Zircon is a mineral with a complex geological history. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some crystals dating back billions of years. It forms in a variety of rock types, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. While the sources mention Zircon as a December birthstone, they do not specify its primary mining locations. However, it is known to be mined in several countries, including Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Australia. The provided chunks focus on its gemological properties and symbolism rather than its specific mines.
Blue Topaz is primarily sourced from the United States. The state of Texas claims Blue Topaz as its state gem, and it can also be found in Utah and California. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare; most blue stones on the market are heat-treated from colorless topaz. This treatment process is a key aspect of its modern availability. The sources note that for rockhounds, Blue Topaz can be found in the U.S., but they caution that appropriate attire and research are necessary before venturing out to rock hunt.
The following table summarizes the known geographic origins of each December birthstone as indicated in the sources:
| Birthstone | Primary Geographic Sources (as per SOURCES) | Notes on Formation/Availability |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Not explicitly specified in sources; globally known. | Formed by groundwater with copper and aluminum; often contains matrix. |
| Tanzanite | Merelani Hills, Tanzania (sole source). | Found only in this specific location. |
| Zircon | Not explicitly specified in sources. | One of Earth's oldest minerals; forms in various rock types. |
| Blue Topaz | United States (Texas, Utah, California). | Naturally rare; most market blue topaz is heat-treated from colorless topaz. |
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and chemical properties of these gemstones is crucial for identification, valuation, and care. The sources provide varying levels of detail on these characteristics.
Turquoise is described as a semi-translucent to opaque gem that ranges from blue to green. A defining feature is the presence of veins of matrix—the remnants of the rock in which it formed—running through it. While the sources do not specify its hardness or chemical formula, Turquoise is generally known in gemology as a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum. Its opacity and often porous nature make it more delicate than many other gemstones.
Tanzanite is noted for its rich violet-blue color that can shift depending on the light. The sources emphasize its unique hue but do not provide specific gemological data such as hardness, refractive index, or chemical composition. It is described as fragile, which aligns with its known hardness of around 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for jewelry but requiring careful handling.
Zircon is presented as a brilliant stone. The sources mention its "rainbow varieties" and its typical appearance as a bright, clear blue. It is associated with clarity and wisdom. Zircon is one of the heaviest natural gemstones and has a high refractive index, which gives it exceptional brilliance and fire. It is also relatively hard, with a Mohs hardness of about 7.5, making it more durable than Tanzanite or Turquoise, though it can be brittle due to its crystal structure.
Blue Topaz is characterized by its clear, sky-blue to deep London Blue shades. It is a symbol of calmness, love, and clarity. Topaz is a silicate mineral with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it quite durable for jewelry. The sources clarify that naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and most blue topaz on the market is produced by irradiating and heat-treating colorless topaz to achieve the desired blue color. This treatment is stable and widely accepted in the gem trade.
A comparative overview of key properties, synthesized from the provided sources and general gemological knowledge (where sources are silent), is essential for a full understanding:
| Property | Turquoise | Tanzanite | Zircon | Blue Topaz |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Color | Blue to green, often with matrix | Violet-blue, color-shift | Bright blue; also colorless, yellow, green, brown | Sky blue to deep London blue |
| Transparency | Opaque to semi-translucent | Transparent to translucent | Transparent | Transparent |
| Hardness (Mohs) | Not specified (typically 5-6) | Not specified (typically 6.5-7) | Not specified (typically 7.5) | Not specified (typically 8) |
| Chemical Family | Hydrous phosphate of Cu & Al | Not specified (Zoisite) | Zirconium silicate | Silicate (Topaz) |
| Key Treatment | Stabilization (common) | Heat (to enhance color) | Heat (to improve color and clarity) | Irradiation & Heat (to produce blue) |
| Symbolism | Protection, good fortune | Transformation, new beginnings | Clarity, wisdom, balance | Love, fidelity, calmness |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December's birthstones carries a rich tapestry of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs, many of which have been passed down through generations.
Turquoise is strongly linked to protection and good fortune. Its historical use as a talisman against falls and disasters underscores this belief. In various cultures, it has been seen as a stone of success, happiness, and prosperity. The Apache belief that it could be found at the end of a rainbow ties it to luck and mystical journeys.
Tanzanite, as a modern gemstone, carries symbolism related to its unique discovery and appearance. It is often associated with transformation and new beginnings, reflecting its 20th-century emergence onto the gem scene and its captivating, shifting colors. It represents a bridge between the ancient and the modern.
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and a sense of balance. Its brilliant sparkle and clarity are thought to mirror mental clarity and spiritual insight. Historically, colorless zircon was used as a diamond simulant, and its fire and brilliance have long been admired.
Blue Topaz is known as a stone of love and fidelity, making it a popular choice for romantic gifts. It is also a symbol of calmness and clarity, its cool blue hues evoking peace and tranquility. The historical association of topaz with strength and protection adds another layer to its symbolic profile.
These metaphysical beliefs, while not scientifically proven, add a layer of personal and cultural significance to each gemstone, enhancing their appeal beyond their physical beauty.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone jewelry. The varying physical properties of December's birthstones necessitate different care approaches.
Turquoise, being relatively soft and often porous, requires gentle handling. It should be protected from chemicals, perfumes, and prolonged exposure to water, which can cause discoloration or damage. Cleaning should be done with a soft, dry cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
Tanzanite is fragile due to its perfect cleavage in one direction. It should be protected from hard knocks and extreme temperature changes. Cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is safe, but ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided. It is best removed during physical activities.
Zircon is relatively hard but can be brittle. It is susceptible to chipping if struck. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but caution is advised due to its potential for fracture. Steam cleaning is not recommended.
Blue Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is quite durable and suitable for everyday wear. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are typically safe for untreated and heat-treated blue topaz, though it is always wise to consult a professional jeweler for pieces with other delicate components.
General advice for all gemstone jewelry includes storing pieces separately to avoid scratching, removing them before engaging in manual work or applying lotions, and having them inspected periodically by a professional.
Conclusion
December offers a remarkable selection of birthstones, each with its own distinct character, history, and beauty. From the ancient, protective Turquoise to the modern, transformative Tanzanite; from the brilliant, wise Zircon to the calming, loving Blue Topaz, there is a gem to suit every preference and style. This variety is a testament to the richness of the natural world and the cultural significance humans have ascribed to these minerals over millennia. Understanding the origins, properties, and care requirements of these stones not only enhances their appreciation but also ensures they can be cherished for generations to come. For anyone born in December, the choice of a birthstone is an opportunity to connect with a deep and colorful legacy, a personal emblem of the year's final, and most vibrant, month.
Sources
- MonthlyBirthstones.com - December Birthstone
- Rockhounding.org - December Birthstones: Blue Topaz, Zircon, Tanzanite, Turquoise
- MyCrystals.com - December Birthstone Color: Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, Zircon
- Gabriel & Co. - What is December's Birthstone?
- GIA - December Birthstones
- Patti Ring - Complete List of December Birthstones