If you were born in August, you are among a select few with a choice of three distinct and storied gemstones to call your own. Unlike months with a single birthstone, August offers a unique triad: the vibrant green peridot, the versatile spinel, and the ancient sardonyx. This abundance is not a modern marketing ploy but a reflection of gemological evolution, cultural shifts, and the discovery of new appreciation for stones that were once overlooked. Each of these gems carries its own narrative, from peridot’s formation in the molten depths of the Earth and even in meteorites, to spinel’s long history of being mistaken for rubies, and sardonyx’s enduring role as a symbol of strength and protection for millennia. Together, they embody the warmth, energy, and enduring strength of the summer month.
This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolic meanings of August’s three birthstones. By exploring the unique characteristics of peridot, spinel, and sardonyx, we will uncover why these gems have captivated humanity across ages and continue to be cherished by jewelers and enthusiasts today. From the sun-drenched mines of Egypt to the royal courts of Asia and the ancient workshops of gem carvers, the stories of these stones are as multifaceted as their appearances.
The Evolution of August’s Birthstones
The concept of a specific gemstone for each month has roots in biblical texts and the breastplate of the High Priest of Israel, which featured twelve stones representing the tribes of Israel. Over centuries, this tradition evolved, and by the 18th century, a standardized list of birthstones was being circulated. For August, sardonyx was the original and sole birthstone. This layered variety of chalcedony, composed of sard and onyx, was prized for its distinctive banding and its symbolic associations with courage and protection.
The first significant change came in 1912 when the National Association of Jewelers, now known as Jewelers of America, updated the official birthstone list. This revision, informed by advances in gemology and the greater availability of diverse gems, introduced peridot as an additional birthstone for August. Peridot, with its brilliant green hue, offered a vibrant alternative to the more subdued sardonyx and quickly gained popularity.
Decades later, in 2016, the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association made a further addition, welcoming spinel into the August lineup. This decision was driven by a desire to broaden the options for August-born individuals and to elevate the profile of spinel, a gem that had been historically overshadowed and frequently mistaken for more famous stones like ruby. The inclusion of spinel acknowledged its own rich history and unique beauty, finally giving it the recognition it long deserved.
This evolution from a single stone to a trio reflects a dynamic understanding of gemstones. It is not merely about providing more choices but about celebrating the diversity of the mineral kingdom and the different ways a gemstone can resonate with an individual. The triad of sardonyx, peridot, and spinel allows for a personal selection based on color preference, historical affinity, or symbolic meaning, making the August birthstone a deeply personal choice.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot is perhaps the most recognizable of the three August birthstones, known for its distinctive olive to lime-green color. As the gem variety of the mineral olivine, peridot is unique among gemstones for its formation under extreme conditions. It can be found in the hardened lava that carries it from deep within the Earth’s mantle and, remarkably, in meteorites that have traveled from outer space. This extraterrestrial connection adds a layer of cosmic wonder to its already compelling story.
History and Lore
Peridot has been valued for thousands of years, with its history tracing back to ancient Egypt. The oldest recorded source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad (also known as Topazios) in the Red Sea. For centuries, this island was the primary source of fine peridot, and the stones mined there were used in jewelry and religious artifacts. The Romans were particularly fond of peridot, calling it the “evening emerald” because its green color did not darken in low light but instead glowed with a soft, inner light.
Throughout history, peridot has often been confused with other green gems, most notably emeralds. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous collection of emeralds may actually have been peridot from Egypt. This confusion is understandable given peridot’s vibrant green hue, which can rival that of emerald. Another notable historical example is the collection of gems in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral. For centuries, the 200-carat gems adorning the shrine were believed to be emeralds, but they were later identified as peridot, highlighting the gem’s enduring beauty and the historical misidentification that often surrounded it.
The name “peridot” is believed to derive from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” This etymology underscores the stone’s long-standing status as a prized treasure. In medieval times, peridot was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares and bringing happiness and strength to the wearer. It was also associated with prosperity and good fortune, with some sources linking its name to the Greek word peridona, meaning “giving plenty.”
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is a testament to the powerful forces at work within the Earth. It crystallizes deep in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface by volcanic activity. This process explains why peridot is often found in volcanic rocks and alluvial deposits. The gem’s extraterrestrial variety, found in meteorites, forms under even more extreme conditions in the vacuum of space.
Historically, the Egyptian island of Zabargad was the most important source of peridot. Today, the gem is mined in several locations around the world, including China, Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States (notably in Arizona and New Mexico). Each location produces peridot with slightly different color characteristics, influenced by the specific geological conditions of the region.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a relatively hardy gemstone, making it suitable for various types of jewelry. Its key properties are outlined in the table below.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish green to greenish yellow; shades range from lime to olive |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 - 1.69 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.3 - 3.4 |
Peridot’s color is its most defining feature, caused by the presence of iron in its chemical composition. Unlike many gemstones, peridot does not typically undergo heat treatment to enhance its color. The gem’s clarity can vary, with inclusions being common. However, well-cut peridot with minimal inclusions is highly valued for its brilliance and lively sparkle.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is often called the “gem of the sun” for its bright, uplifting energy. In modern crystal healing practices, it is associated with the heart chakra and is believed to promote emotional healing, joy, and abundance. It is thought to help release negative patterns and open the heart to love and forgiveness. As a birthstone, peridot is said to bring its wearer good fortune, peace, and success.
Care and Cleaning
With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot is durable enough for daily wear but can be susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It is best to clean peridot jewelry with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning are generally not recommended, as the gem can be sensitive to sudden temperature changes and harsh chemicals.
Spinel: The Underappreciated Gem
Spinel is the most recent addition to the August birthstone family, officially recognized in 2016. For centuries, spinel has lived in the shadow of more famous gems, particularly ruby. Its wide range of colors and historical misidentification have contributed to its underappreciation, but today, spinel is celebrated for its own unique beauty and versatility.
History and Lore
Spinel’s history is marked by confusion and mistaken identity. The most famous example is the “Black Prince’s Ruby,” a 170-carat red spinel that has been part of the British Crown Jewels since the 14th century. For centuries, it was believed to be a ruby. Similarly, the Timur Ruby, a 361-carat red spinel, was also mistaken for a ruby for much of its history. These large, historically significant stones are now correctly identified as spinel, but their stories illustrate how long spinel has been overlooked.
The name “spinel” is derived from the Latin word spina, meaning “thorn,” possibly referring to the sharp crystals of the mineral. While spinel has been known and used in jewelry for centuries, it was not formally distinguished from ruby until the 18th century. Even after its identification, it remained less popular than ruby, sapphire, and emerald.
In the 19th century, spinel began to gain more recognition, particularly in the vibrant red varieties from Myanmar (Burma). However, it was not until the 21st century that spinel truly came into its own as a valued gemstone in its own right. The 2016 decision to include it as an official August birthstone was a watershed moment, finally granting spinel the status it deserved.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks, often in association with limestone and other minerals. It crystallizes under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, which can occur during the metamorphism of rocks or in magmatic environments. The gem’s chemical formula is MgAl₂O₄, and its color is determined by trace elements such as iron, chromium, and cobalt.
The most famous and historically significant sources of spinel are in Southeast Asia. Myanmar (Burma) is renowned for producing some of the finest red and pink spinels, often referred to as “balas rubies” in the past. Other important sources include Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Tajikistan. In recent years, spinel has also been mined in Tanzania, which produces a variety of colors, including vibrant blues and pinks.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is prized for its excellent hardness and clarity, making it an ideal gemstone for jewelry. Its key properties are as follows:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Spinel |
| Chemical Formula | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Color | Wide range: red, pink, orange, purple, blue, black, and colorless |
| Mohs Hardness | 8 |
| Crystal System | Cubic |
| Refractive Index | 1.71 - 1.73 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.6 - 3.7 |
Spinel’s hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale makes it highly durable and resistant to scratching. It has excellent clarity, with most gems being eye-clean. The gem’s refractive index is similar to that of ruby and sapphire, which contributes to its brilliance and is one reason it was so easily mistaken for these stones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Spinel is associated with renewal, inspiration, and vitality. Different colors of spinel are believed to have different metaphysical properties. Red spinel is linked to energy and passion, while pink spinel is associated with love and compassion. Blue spinel is thought to promote calm and clarity, and black spinel is considered a grounding and protective stone. As a birthstone, spinel is said to inspire hope and encouragement, helping its wearer through difficult times and restoring their energy.
Care and Cleaning
With a Mohs hardness of 8, spinel is one of the most durable gemstones, suitable for all types of jewelry, including rings and bracelets. It is relatively resistant to chemicals and heat. Spinels can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaning are generally safe for spinel, but it is always advisable to check with a jeweler if the stone has any inclusions or if it is set in a delicate piece of jewelry.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Guardian
Sardonyx is the original August birthstone, with a history that dates back more than 4,000 years. As a variety of chalcedony, it is known for its distinctive banding of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a black or white chalcedony). This layered structure gives sardonyx a unique, earthy appearance that has been prized by ancient civilizations for both its beauty and its symbolic power.
History and Lore
Sardonyx has been used in jewelry and seals since antiquity. The ancient Greeks and Romans carved cameos and intaglios from sardonyx, using the stone’s contrasting bands to create detailed, layered designs. In Rome, sardonyx was associated with courage and was believed to protect the wearer in battle. It was also a popular stone for signet rings, as its hardness made it ideal for engraving.
In biblical tradition, sardonyx is mentioned as one of the stones in the breastplate of the High Priest, representing the tribe of Benjamin. It has also been linked to the foundations of the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation. This religious significance contributed to its enduring popularity in Christian art and jewelry throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
The name “sardonyx” combines “sard,” referring to the reddish-brown layer, and “onyx,” the black layer. The most prized sardonyx has sharp, well-defined bands and a high polish. Historically, the finest sardonyx came from India, though it is now found in several locations worldwide.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sardonyx is a form of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It forms in volcanic or sedimentary environments, where silica-rich solutions fill cavities and slowly crystallize. The banding in sardonyx is the result of successive layers of sard and onyx being deposited over time, often influenced by changes in the chemical composition of the fluid or environmental conditions.
While the finest historical sardonyx came from India, modern sources include Brazil, Germany, and the United States. The stone is often cut into cabochons to highlight its banding or carved into cameos and intaglios.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx is valued for its durability and distinctive appearance. Its properties are as follows:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Chalcedony (Quartz) |
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ |
| Color | Earthy red, brown, and black bands |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal (microcrystalline) |
| Refractive Index | 1.53 - 1.54 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.58 - 2.64 |
Sardonyx has a hardness similar to peridot, making it suitable for jewelry but requiring some care to avoid scratches. Its refractive index is lower than that of many other gemstones, giving it a more subdued luster. The gem is often opaque, and its value is determined by the sharpness of its bands and the quality of its polish.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx is traditionally associated with strength, courage, and protection. It is considered a grounding stone that promotes stability and steadfastness. In modern crystal healing, sardonyx is believed to help build self-discipline and support long-term goals. It is also thought to enhance relationships by fostering trust and communication. As a birthstone, sardonyx is said to bring its wearer a sense of security and resilience.
Care and Cleaning
With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, sardonyx requires similar care to peridot. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaning, as these can damage the stone or its polish. Store sardonyx jewelry separately to prevent scratches from harder gems.
Conclusion
August’s three birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—offer a remarkable diversity of color, history, and meaning. From the sunlit green of peridot, formed in the Earth’s mantle and even in meteorites, to the vibrant and versatile spinel, long mistaken for ruby, and the ancient, banded sardonyx, a symbol of courage for millennia, each gem tells a unique story. The evolution of August’s birthstones from a single stone to a triad reflects a growing appreciation for the rich tapestry of the mineral kingdom and the personal connections we form with these natural treasures.
Whether drawn to peridot’s uplifting energy, spinel’s royal history, or sardonyx’s grounding strength, individuals born in August have the privilege of choosing a gemstone that resonates with their personal style and spirit. These stones are not merely beautiful adornments; they are fragments of the Earth’s history, carriers of cultural significance, and symbols of enduring beauty. As we continue to explore and appreciate the world of gemstones, the August birthstones stand as a testament to the enduring fascination and wonder that these natural wonders inspire.