August is unique in the birthstone calendar, offering not one but two primary gemstones: the vibrant olive-green Peridot and the colorful, crystalline Fluorite. This duality provides individuals born in the eighth month of the year with a choice between a classic, historically significant gem and a modern, versatile alternative. Both stones carry rich symbolism and distinct gemological properties, making them popular choices for jewelry, particularly necklaces designed in sterling silver—a metal that beautifully enhances their natural hues. This article delves into the characteristics, lore, and practical considerations for both Peridot and Fluorite, drawing upon the information available to provide a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts and collectors.
History and Lore of August's Gems
The history of August's birthstones is a tale of two distinct journeys. Peridot, the traditional birthstone, boasts an ancient lineage that stretches back millennia. Its history, however, is often intertwined with that of other green gems like emeralds, leading to some historical confusion. Peridot has been mined for over 3,500 years, with its most significant ancient source being the island of Zabargad (St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. These gems were prized by the ancient Egyptians, who called them "the gem of the sun." They believed Peridot could ward off evil spirits and was a symbol of the sun god Ra. Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection was likely composed of Peridot, not the beryl-based emeralds we know today. The gem was also used in the Roman Empire, often set in gold, and was believed to have healing properties, particularly for asthma and other respiratory ailments.
In contrast, Fluorite's recognition as a birthstone is a more recent development. While the mineral itself has been known since antiquity—its name is derived from the Latin fluere, meaning "to flow," due to its use as a flux in metal smelting—its status as a birthstone is largely a 20th-century phenomenon. The modern birthstone lists, initially established by the National Association of Jewelers (NAJ) in 1912 and later updated by the American Gem Society (AGS) and the Jewelry Industry Council of America, have evolved to include more accessible and diverse gemstones. Fluorite was added to provide an alternative for August, offering a wide spectrum of colors beyond the single hue of Peridot. Its lore is more aligned with modern metaphysical beliefs, focusing on mental clarity, balance, and protection, rather than the ancient protective talismans associated with Peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the origin of these gems provides insight into their unique structures and availability.
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. It forms deep within the Earth's mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Unlike many gemstones that crystallize in pegmatites or hydrothermal veins, Peridot is one of the few gems that can be found in solidified lava. The primary commercial source of gem-quality Peridot is the San Carlos Apache Reservation in Arizona, USA, which produces a significant portion of the world's supply. Other notable sources include Pakistan, Myanmar, and Egypt. The Arizona deposits are particularly important for the modern market, yielding Peridot in a range of sizes and qualities suitable for jewelry.
Fluorite, with the chemical formula CaF₂, is a halide mineral. It forms in a variety of geological environments, including hydrothermal veins, often associated with lead, zinc, and silver ores, and in sedimentary rocks. Its formation typically occurs at lower temperatures than many other gemstones. Major sources of gem-quality Fluorite include China, which produces large quantities in vivid colors, as well as England, Germany, Mexico, and the United States (notably Illinois and Kentucky, which produce the "Blue John" variety). The wide distribution of Fluorite contributes to its affordability and the variety of colors available, from the classic green and purple to blue, yellow, and colorless.
Gemological Properties
The physical and optical properties of Peridot and Fluorite are fundamental to their use in jewelry and their identification.
Peridot Properties
Peridot is a relatively hard gemstone, making it suitable for various types of jewelry, including rings, provided they are set with care. Its key properties are: - Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, meaning it is durable but can be scratched by harder materials. - Crystal System: Orthorhombic. - Refractive Index: 1.64 to 1.69. - Specific Gravity: 3.27 to 4.37. - Color: Olive green to yellowish-green, with the most prized color being a rich, pure green. The green color is caused by the presence of iron. - Clarity: Peridot often contains inclusions, which are considered part of its character. A clean, eye-clean Peridot is highly valued.
Fluorite Properties
Fluorite is softer than Peridot but is prized for its brilliant color range and clarity. Its properties include: - Hardness: 4 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and more suitable for jewelry that is not prone to impact, such as pendants and earrings. - Crystal System: Cubic. - Refractive Index: 1.43. - Specific Gravity: 3.18. - Color: Fluorite occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, often in banded or zoned patterns. Green and purple are common, and some specimens exhibit fluorescence under ultraviolet light, which is how the mineral got its name. - Clarity: High-quality Fluorite is often transparent to translucent and can be faceted to enhance its brilliance.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties for comparison:
| Property | Peridot | Fluorite |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Olivine | Halide |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | CaF₂ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 4 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Cubic |
| Refractive Index | 1.64 - 1.69 | 1.43 |
| Typical Colors | Olive green, yellowish-green | Green, purple, blue, yellow, colorless |
| Common Cuts | Faceted (round, oval, pear), cabochon | Faceted (especially for clarity), cabochon, beads |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both Peridot and Fluorite carry significant symbolic weight, though their meanings are quite different.
Peridot has long been associated with light, the sun, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and nightmares. It was also thought to have healing properties, particularly for the liver, heart, and lymphatic system. In a more modern context, Peridot is said to bring prosperity, good fortune, and abundance to the wearer. Its connection to the heart chakra makes it a popular stone for promoting emotional balance and opening the heart to love and compassion.
Fluorite, on the other hand, is celebrated in contemporary metaphysical circles for its ability to enhance mental clarity, focus, and decision-making. It is often called the "Genius Stone" or "Stone of Discernment." Different colors of Fluorite are believed to have specific properties: green Fluorite is associated with heart-centered growth and cleansing, while purple Fluorite is linked to spiritual awareness and intuition. Fluorite is also considered a protective stone, believed to shield the wearer from negative energy and psychic attacks. Its calming energy is said to help balance emotions and reduce stress, making it a popular choice for those seeking serenity and focus in their daily lives.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing hardness levels, Peridot and Fluorite require different care regimens.
Peridot (hardness 6.5-7) is durable enough for daily wear but should be protected from sharp blows and extreme temperature changes, which can cause fractures. To clean Peridot, use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone or its setting. It is advisable to remove Peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or household chores.
Fluorite (hardness 4) is much softer and more fragile. It is best suited for jewelry that is not subject to impact, such as necklaces, pendants, and earrings. Rings and bracelets made with Fluorite should be worn with great care. Cleaning Fluorite is simple: use only a soft, damp cloth. Avoid any mechanical cleaning methods, chemicals, or even prolonged exposure to water, as it can become damaged. Store Fluorite separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
August offers a delightful choice between two distinct gemstones: the ancient, sun-kissed Peridot and the vibrant, versatile Fluorite. Peridot, with its rich green hue and historical significance, provides a classic and durable option for jewelry, particularly in sterling silver settings that highlight its warm glow. Fluorite, with its stunning array of colors and focus-enhancing symbolism, offers a modern and affordable alternative for those seeking personalization and mental clarity. Both stones, while different in hardness and lore, capture the essence of summer and provide meaningful connections for those born in August. Whether chosen for its historical legacy or its contemporary appeal, an August birthstone is a beautiful and personal emblem of the summer month.