Peridot, the dazzling green gemstone designated as the birthstone for August, captivates with its unique olive-to-lime hues that evoke the lush vitality of summer. Unlike many gemstones whose color is influenced by trace impurities, peridot’s signature green is an intrinsic part of its chemical structure, a rare trait among precious stones. This gemstone carries a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and cultural symbolism, making it a subject of enduring fascination for gem enthusiasts, jewelry collectors, and those seeking meaningful adornments. As August’s birthstone, it is not only a beautiful choice for personal jewelry but also a gift steeped in historical associations of strength, protection, and positive energy. This article explores peridot’s journey from the depths of the Earth to the forefront of modern jewelry, detailing its geological origins, gemological properties, historical lore, and practical care, all based on established gemological knowledge and historical records.
History and Lore
The history of peridot stretches back millennia, with some of the earliest recorded uses found in ancient Egypt. Often called the “Evening Emerald” due to its glowing green color that remains vivid under various lighting conditions, peridot was highly prized by the ancient Egyptians. The most significant historical source for peridot was the island of Zabargad (also known as St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, which supplied the gemstones for the pharaohs and their courts. Archaeological evidence suggests that peridot was mined on this island as early as 1500 BCE, and its gems were used in intricate jewelry and ceremonial objects.
In the Middle Ages, peridot was brought to Europe by the Crusaders, who often confused it with emeralds due to their similar color. However, peridot is distinct from emerald, lacking the chromium and vanadium that give emerald its deep green. During this period, peridot was primarily used in religious jewelry, adorning chalices and church vestments. The Habsburg dynasty in Austria held a significant collection of peridot, including a famous 10-carat gem that is now housed in the Smithsonian Institution.
The modern designation of peridot as the birthstone for August is a relatively recent development. The concept of birthstones can be traced to the breastplate of Aaron described in the Old Testament, which featured twelve stones representing the tribes of Israel. However, the modern list of birthstones was standardized in 1912 by the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America). Peridot was included as the primary birthstone for August, a position it has maintained ever since. Some traditions also associate sardonyx and spinel with August, but peridot remains the most recognized and celebrated gem of the month.
Beyond its historical and commercial significance, peridot has been surrounded by numerous myths and legends. Ancient Egyptians believed it was a stone of the sun, capable of warding off darkness and evil spirits. It was also thought to bring prosperity and happiness. In Hawaiian folklore, peridot is considered the tears of the goddess Pele, the goddess of volcanoes and fire. In medieval Europe, it was believed to have healing properties, capable of curing asthma and other ailments when set in gold. These beliefs, while not scientifically verified, contribute to the gemstone’s allure and cultural resonance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, specifically the magnesium-rich end-member. It forms deep within the Earth’s mantle under high temperatures and pressures and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Unlike many gemstones that crystallize in pegmatites or metamorphic environments, peridot is often found in igneous rocks, particularly basalts and peridotites. Its formation is closely linked to tectonic processes, and some of the most significant deposits are associated with mid-ocean ridges and mantle-derived rocks.
The most famous historical source of peridot is the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. This island, which lacks vegetation and is composed of volcanic rock, was the primary source of gem-quality peridot for ancient civilizations. The peridot from Zabargad is known for its high quality and clarity. However, production from this location has been limited in recent decades.
Modern sources of peridot are more diverse. Significant deposits are found in the United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. Arizona’s San Carlos Apache Reservation is one of the world’s leading sources of peridot, producing gems in a range of green hues. Other notable sources include Pakistan (the Kohistan region), Myanmar (Mogok), China, and Australia. Peridot is also found in Hawaii, where volcanic activity has brought gem-quality material to the surface.
The formation of peridot in the Earth’s mantle and its subsequent eruption to the surface in volcanic rocks makes it one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites. These extraterrestrial peridots, known as pallasites, are extremely rare and valuable. While not a commercial source, their existence highlights the unique origin of this gemstone.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Its green color is due to the presence of iron, and unlike many other green gems, it does not require trace elements for its hue. The gemstone’s properties are consistent and well-documented, making it a favorite among gemologists and jewelers.
Color: Peridot’s color ranges from yellow-green to olive-green and deep brownish-green. The most valued color is a rich, vibrant olive-green with no brownish undertones. The gemstone’s color is stable and does not fade with exposure to light or heat, which is a significant advantage for jewelry.
Clarity: Peridot is typically found with inclusions, which are common and accepted in the gem trade. Typical inclusions include small, dark spots of iron oxide, and “lily pad” inclusions, which are disc-like formations. While flawless peridot is rare, the gemstone’s color often masks minor inclusions, making even included stones attractive.
Hardness and Durability: Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but not as hard as sapphire or diamond. This hardness means it is suitable for everyday wear in jewelry such as rings and earrings, but it should be protected from hard blows and abrasive materials. It is also important to note that peridot has perfect cleavage in two directions, which means it can be prone to splitting along these planes if struck with sufficient force.
Cut and Carat Weight: Peridot is cut into a variety of shapes to maximize its color and brilliance. Common cuts include oval, cushion, pear, round, and trillion. Larger peridots are more common than in many other gemstones, and stones over 10 carats are not uncommon. However, the price per carat increases significantly with size, especially for high-quality material.
Refractive Index and Specific Gravity: Peridot has a refractive index ranging from 1.65 to 1.69 and a specific gravity of 3.34 to 3.45. These properties are used to distinguish it from other green gems, such as tourmaline and sapphire.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties of peridot:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellow-green to olive-green, deep brownish-green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 – 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 – 1.69 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 – 3.45 |
| Cleavage | Perfect in two directions |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has been attributed with a wide range of symbolic meanings and metaphysical powers throughout history. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, are deeply ingrained in various cultures and contribute to the gemstone’s popularity as a meaningful gift.
In ancient Egypt, peridot was considered a stone of the sun and was believed to protect against nightmares and evil spirits. It was also associated with prosperity and good fortune. The ancient Egyptians wore peridot as a protective amulet, and it was thought to bring the wearer happiness and peace.
In medieval Europe, peridot was believed to have healing properties. It was thought to cure asthma and other respiratory ailments when set in gold. It was also believed to promote sleep and ward off evil. The gemstone’s green color was associated with nature, growth, and renewal, making it a symbol of new beginnings.
In modern metaphysical practices, peridot is often called the “Stone of Compassion.” It is believed to promote emotional healing, reduce stress, and attract abundance. It is also associated with the heart chakra, thought to help open the heart to love and forgiveness. Some believe that peridot can enhance confidence and self-esteem, making it a popular stone for personal growth.
While these metaphysical beliefs are not supported by scientific evidence, they add a layer of meaning to the gemstone. For many wearers, the symbolism of peridot is as important as its physical beauty, making it a cherished birthstone.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of peridot jewelry. While peridot is relatively durable, its hardness and cleavage require attention to avoid damage.
Cleaning: Peridot can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is important to avoid harsh chemicals, such as bleach or ammonia, which can damage the gemstone. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for peridot, but steam cleaning is not recommended due to the risk of thermal shock. Always dry the jewelry thoroughly after cleaning to prevent water spots.
Storage: Peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones like diamonds and sapphires to prevent scratching. It is also advisable to keep it away from softer materials that could abrade its surface. A soft cloth pouch or a compartmentalized jewelry box is ideal for storage.
Wearing Considerations: Due to its perfect cleavage, peridot should be protected from hard impacts. It is not recommended for rings that are subject to frequent knocking, such as engagement rings or everyday work rings. Peridot jewelry is best suited for earrings, pendants, and occasional wear rings. When wearing peridot, avoid exposure to extreme temperature changes and harsh chemicals, which can affect its stability.
Professional Maintenance: Periodic inspection by a professional jeweler is recommended to check for loose settings or potential damage. Re-polishing may be necessary over time to restore the gemstone’s luster, especially if it has been exposed to abrasion.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its captivating green hue and rich historical legacy, stands as a gemstone of both beauty and significance. As the birthstone for August, it embodies the vitality of summer and carries a legacy of protection, prosperity, and positive energy. From its origins deep within the Earth’s mantle to its use in ancient Egyptian jewelry and modern custom designs, peridot has traversed a remarkable journey. Its gemological properties, including a hardness of 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale and a unique green color from iron, make it a durable and distinctive choice for jewelry. While its metaphysical beliefs add a layer of cultural depth, its scientific attributes are well-documented and valued in the gem trade. Proper care ensures that peridot jewelry remains a lasting treasure, whether worn as a birthstone piece or as a meaningful gift. For gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry buyers alike, peridot offers a blend of history, science, and symbolism that continues to inspire and captivate.