Introduction
August is uniquely represented by three distinct birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each offers a different narrative of geological formation, historical significance, and aesthetic appeal. Among these, peridot stands out as a gem of remarkable origins, formed not only deep within the Earth’s mantle but also within the fiery crucible of meteorites from outer space. Known for its distinctive yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue, peridot (a variety of the mineral olivine) has been prized since ancient times, often confused with emeralds and topaz due to its captivating color. This article delves into the rich history, unique geological formation, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism of peridot, providing a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts, collectors, and those born in the month of August.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is as vibrant as its color, stretching back millennia. The earliest recorded use dates to 1500 B.C. in ancient Egypt, where it was revered as the “gem of the sun.” The Egyptians believed peridot possessed protective powers against evil spirits and the ability to bring joy to the wearer. This gem was mined on the island of Zabargad, now known as St. John’s Island, in the Red Sea. Egyptian miners often harvested peridot at night, operating under the belief that the gem’s glow was more visible under moonlight. Historians now speculate that Cleopatra’s famous collection of emeralds may have actually been comprised of peridot, a common confusion given the gem’s historical misidentification.
The gem’s name, “peridot,” is derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” Its significance extended beyond Egypt, finding value in many ancient and medieval cultures. By the second century BCE, peridot appeared in the jewelry of priests. It later became a favored stone in medieval Europe, used to adorn chalices and church relics. A notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, which is decorated with 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds but identified as peridot. This historical misattribution underscores the gem’s visual similarity to the more famous green stone.
In Hawaiian culture, peridot holds a distinct mythological connection. It is considered the tears of Pele, the volcano goddess, symbolizing the fiery creation of the islands. This association aligns with peridot’s unique formation, linking it to both terrestrial volcanic activity and extraterrestrial origins. Throughout history, peridot has also been utilized as a protective talisman, believed to shield the owner from evil spirits and the “terrors of the night.” By the 18th century, its popularity had waned in Europe, but it saw a resurgence in the 19th century, particularly in Victorian jewelry. Today, peridot is also recognized as the gem given to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot, the gem variety of the mineral olivine, is formed under extreme geological conditions. Unlike many gemstones that crystallize in the Earth’s crust, peridot originates deep within the mantle. It is brought to the surface through violent volcanic eruptions, carried within hardened lava. This process explains its occurrence in places like the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona, the primary source of peridot in the United States. Massive volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago sent rivers of lava across the desert landscape, embedding peridot crystals within the rock. Apache families have worked these mines for decades, producing gems with deep color and superb transparency.
Perhaps the most extraordinary aspect of peridot’s formation is its extraterrestrial origin. The gem is found in pallasite meteorites, which are composed of nickel-iron and olivine. Thousands of meteorites have impacted Earth, many containing olivine, but only a few yield gem-quality peridot. This dual origin—terrestrial and celestial—makes peridot unique among gemstones.
Beyond Arizona, significant peridot deposits are found in other parts of the world. The Red Sea island of Zabargad remains a historic source, though production has decreased. Other notable localities include Pakistan, Myanmar (Burma), and China, each producing peridot with varying shades of green. The Luc Yen region in northern Vietnam is known for producing peridot alongside other gems, though it is more famous for its spinel deposits. The gem’s formation and sourcing are a testament to the dynamic processes of our planet and the cosmos.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is defined by a specific set of gemological characteristics that distinguish it from other green gemstones.
Color and Luster: Peridot’s signature color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow. The most prized hues are a rich olive green or a vibrant, grassy green. The color is caused by the presence of iron in its chemical structure. Peridot exhibits a vitreous (glass-like) luster, and high-quality specimens have excellent transparency, often with few inclusions.
Hardness and Durability: On the Mohs scale of hardness, peridot rates between 6.5 and 7. This makes it softer than many popular gemstones, such as sapphire (9) or diamond (10). Consequently, peridot is not recommended for daily wear in rings, especially for individuals with active lifestyles, as it is susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It also lacks cleavage, meaning it does not have natural planes of weakness, but it can be brittle and prone to chipping if struck with force.
Chemical Composition and Crystal System: Peridot is a magnesium iron silicate, with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. Its specific gravity typically ranges from 3.27 to 4.37, and it has a refractive index of approximately 1.65 to 1.69.
Cut and Clarity: Peridot is often cut into faceted shapes to maximize its brilliance and color. Common cuts include oval, cushion, round, and pear shapes. Large peridot crystals are relatively common, allowing for the creation of sizable gems suitable for statement jewelry. While peridot can contain inclusions, such as small, parallel growth lines or tiny black spots, eye-clean specimens are readily available. Some inclusions, like “lily pad” inclusions (small disc-shaped fluid inclusions), are characteristic of peridot and can be used to identify the gem.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties of peridot:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 – 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 – 1.69 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.27 – 4.37 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is steeped in symbolism and is attributed with a wide range of metaphysical properties across different cultures and eras. Its association with the sun in ancient Egypt suggests a connection to vitality, light, and warmth. As a protective stone, it was believed to shield warriors and royalty from harm, a belief that extended to its use as a talisman against evil spirits and nightmares.
In modern metaphysical practices, peridot is often linked to the heart and emotional well-being. It is considered a stone of compassion and is believed to open the heart to joy and new relationships. Some believe that peridot can alleviate jealousy and anger, fostering harmony in relationships. Its connection to the heart chakra makes it a popular choice for those seeking emotional healing and balance.
Peridot is also associated with willpower and focus. It is said to help individuals let go of pessimism and negative thoughts from the past, allowing them to follow their passions and true desires. This symbolism is exemplified by historical figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte, who gave his bride-to-be, Josephine, a peridot jewel as a symbol of his love and focus.
Furthermore, peridot has been linked to fame and success. Some traditions suggest that wearing peridot can enhance one’s social standing and lead to recognition within the community. This belief is supported by the fact that several famous individuals, including Roger Federer, Cameron Diaz, Halle Berry, Tom Brady, and Usain Bolt, have peridot as their birthstone.
Historically, peridot was also believed to possess healing properties. It was thought to benefit various organs, including the heart, eyes, stomach, spleen, breast, liver, lungs, and sinuses. In ancient times, powdered peridot was used as a remedy for asthma. While these beliefs are not scientifically validated, they contribute to the gem’s rich cultural legacy.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness and susceptibility to certain chemicals, peridot requires careful handling and maintenance to preserve its beauty and integrity.
Wearing Considerations: Given its hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot is best suited for jewelry that is not subjected to daily wear and tear, such as earrings, pendants, and brooches. If worn in a ring, it should be for occasional use rather than daily activity. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in physical work, sports, or household chores to avoid impacts and abrasions.
Cleaning Instructions: Peridot can be damaged by some acids and long-term exposure to acidic perspiration. Therefore, it is important to clean it regularly and properly. Never use a steam or ultrasonic cleaner, as peridot is vulnerable to thermal shock, which can cause fractures or breakage. The safest method is to use a soft-bristle brush (such as a toothbrush) with a mild dish soap in warm water. Gently scrub the gemstone and setting, then rinse thoroughly with clean water and dry with a soft, lint-free cloth.
Storage: When not in use, peridot jewelry should be stored carefully to prevent scratching. It is best kept in a soft pouch or a separate compartment in a jewelry box, away from harder gemstones like diamonds, sapphires, and rubies, which can scratch its surface.
Conclusion
Peridot is a gemstone of extraordinary duality, born from the deep fires of Earth’s mantle and the cold vastness of space. Its journey from ancient Egypt, where it was revered as the “gem of the sun,” to modern jewelry boxes is a testament to its enduring appeal. With its distinctive yellowish-green hue, peridot offers a unique alternative to emeralds and other green gems, backed by a rich tapestry of history and symbolism. While its moderate hardness requires thoughtful care, its captivating color and fascinating origins make it a cherished birthstone for those born in August. Whether admired for its geological marvels, its historical significance, or its metaphysical associations, peridot continues to shine as a gemstone of light, protection, and vitality.