September is traditionally synonymous with the deep, celestial blue of sapphire—a gemstone long associated with wisdom, nobility, and divine favor. However, the history of birthstones is far more fluid and diverse than a single gem might suggest. While sapphire holds the official designation for this month in the modern Gregorian calendar, a rich tapestry of alternative stones has been linked to September throughout history and across cultures. These alternatives offer a spectrum of colors, meanings, and price points, allowing individuals to forge a more personal connection to their birth month. This article delves into the world of September's alternative birthstones, exploring their historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism. From the ancient blue of lapis lazuli to the fiery red-orange of carnelian and the vibrant green of peridot, these gems provide a captivating array of choices for those seeking a stone that resonates with their unique story.
History and Lore: The Evolution of a Monthly Gem
The tradition of assigning specific gemstones to each month is not a static, ancient decree but a practice that has evolved over millennia. The modern list, largely standardized by the American National Retail Jewelers Association in 1912, solidified sapphire as September's primary stone. However, prior to this, various cultures and calendars held different associations. Ancient Italian, Russian, Hebrew, and Arabic calendars once designated peridot as the birthstone for September, a tradition that persisted until 1912 when peridot was reassigned to August. This historical fluidity underscores the possibility of choosing a stone that aligns with older or different cultural traditions.
The selection of alternative birthstones often stems from a desire for personalization and a connection to specific energies or symbolism. For many, choosing a stone beyond the traditional sapphire is a way to align with a gem that resonates with their personal style, cultural heritage, or spiritual beliefs. This practice acknowledges that the tradition of birthstones is not monolithic but has been shaped by centuries of geological discovery, trade, and cultural exchange. For instance, lapis lazuli, with its striking deep blue hue, was frequently mistaken for sapphire in ancient times due to its similar color, leading to its adoption as a September stone in some historical contexts. Its use in the tomb of King Tutankhamun and by ancient Persians as a talisman against the evil eye highlights its esteemed status long before modern gemology could distinguish it from corundum.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the origin of these gems adds depth to their appreciation. Each stone forms under unique geological conditions, resulting in distinct compositions and characteristics.
Lapis Lazuli is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock. Its primary component is the blue mineral lapis lazuli, but it also contains calcite (which creates white veins) and pyrite (which forms metallic golden flecks). The most significant and historically important sources are in Afghanistan, where mining dates back to the 7th millennium BC. Today, Afghanistan remains a major producer, alongside Pakistan. The stone's deep blue color and golden inclusions are a direct result of its mineral composition and the high-pressure, low-temperature conditions under which it forms.
Carnelian is a variety of the mineral chalcedony, which is a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. Its characteristic red-orange color comes from iron oxide impurities. Carnelian forms in silica-rich volcanic or sedimentary rocks. While specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources, its use in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia suggests widespread availability in regions with these geological conditions. It was a favored material for cameos and seals due to its relative hardness and workability.
Peridot, the gem-quality variety of olivine, is formed deep within the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Unlike many gemstones, peridot is found in only one color family—various shades of green—due to its iron content. While not explicitly mentioned as a September alternative in the provided sources, its historical association with the month is noted. Major sources include Egypt, Myanmar, and Arizona, though the specific locations for the gemstones discussed in the context of September are not provided.
Spinel, a magnesium aluminum oxide, forms in the metamorphic rock of marble. It is found in a variety of colors, including the blue and violet shades that make it a sapphire alternative. Historically mistaken for ruby and sapphire, spinel is now recognized as its own distinct gemstone. Key sources include Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Iolite is the gem variety of the mineral cordierite. It forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is known for its strong pleochroism, showing different shades of violet-blue from different crystal directions. Sources include Sri Lanka, India, and Madagascar.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in the cavities of igneous rocks, often in pegmatites. The natural blue color is rare; most commercial blue topaz is produced by irradiating and heat-treating colorless topaz. Major sources include Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria.
Tanzanite is a variety of zoisite, a calcium aluminum silicate hydroxide mineral. It is found only in a single small area in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, making it exceptionally rare. Its formation is linked to the unique metamorphic processes in this region.
Gemological Properties
The physical and optical properties of these gems determine their durability, appearance, and care requirements. The following table summarizes key properties for the primary alternative birthstones mentioned in the sources.
| Gemstone | Mineral Family | Chemical Composition | Mohs Hardness | Color | Special Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lapis Lazuli | Rock (Lazurite, Calcite, Pyrite) | (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(SO₄,Cl,S)₂ | 5–6 | Deep blue with pyrite inclusions | Not a single mineral; relatively soft. |
| Carnelian | Chalcedony (Quartz) | SiO₂ | 6.5–7 | Red-orange to brownish-red | Cryptocrystalline; translucent. |
| Peridot | Olivine | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | 6.5–7 | Olive to lime green | Only gem-quality olivine; no other colors. |
| Spinel | Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | 7.5–8 | Blue, violet, pink, red | High durability; historically mistaken for ruby/sapphire. |
| Iolite | Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈ | 7–7.5 | Violet-blue | Strong pleochroism. |
| Blue Topaz | Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 8 | Blue (often treated) | Often treated for color; high durability. |
| Tanzanite | Zoisite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6–7 | Bluish-violet | Trichroic (shows three colors); often heat-treated. |
Sapphire, the traditional stone, is a member of the corundum family (Al₂O₃) with a Mohs hardness of 9, making it exceptionally durable and resistant to heat, light, and chemicals. Its hardness is second only to diamond. Trace elements like iron, titanium, and chromium are responsible for its various colors, though blue is the most famous. This durability is a key reason for its popularity in jewelry like engagement rings, as seen with Princess Diana's iconic Ceylon sapphire.
In contrast, lapis lazuli is the softest of the alternatives, with a Mohs hardness of only 5–6. Its composition as a rock means it can be porous and susceptible to scratching and damage from chemicals. Carnelian and peridot have moderate hardness (6.5–7), making them suitable for jewelry but requiring some care to avoid abrasions. Spinel and blue topaz are harder (7.5–8), offering excellent durability for daily wear. Tanzanite falls in the middle (6–7) and, while beautiful, requires careful handling due to its relative softness and cleavage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Gemstones have carried symbolic weight for centuries, and the alternatives to sapphire are no exception. Their meanings often reflect their color, history, and cultural associations.
Lapis Lazuli has long been associated with royalty, truth, and wisdom. In ancient Egypt, it was used in funerary art and jewelry, symbolizing power and the heavens. Medieval Europeans believed its deep blue color mirrored the sky and could protect against evil spirits. It is often linked to clarity of thought and spiritual insight.
Carnelian, with its warm, fiery hue, is traditionally associated with courage, motivation, and creativity. In ancient times, it was worn by warriors for protection and by orators for eloquence. It is believed to stimulate vitality and dispel apathy, making it a stone of action and confidence.
Peridot, as a September alternative in historical calendars, is known as the "gem of the sun" in some traditions. Its vibrant green color is linked to growth, renewal, and prosperity. Ancient Egyptians mined it on the Red Sea island of Zabargad, believing it protected against nightmares and evil. It is often associated with healing and heart-centered compassion.
Spinel is considered a stone of renewal and energy. Its historical confusion with ruby and sapphire lends it an aura of nobility, but it is also believed to inspire inspiration and overcome lethargy. Its variety of colors allows for different symbolic interpretations, with blue spinel promoting calm and clarity.
Iolite, known as the "Viking's compass," is said to help navigate life's changes and provide vision and direction. Its strong pleochroism, which shows different colors from different angles, symbolizes the ability to see all sides of a situation. It is associated with intuition and spiritual growth.
Blue Topaz symbolizes calm, communication, and emotional balance. Its clear, cool blue color is linked to soothing energies and clear expression. It is often used to promote peacefulness and reduce stress.
Tanzanite, a modern discovery, is associated with transformation and the alignment of the heart and mind. Its unique violet-blue color is believed to facilitate higher consciousness and spiritual awakening. As a rare stone found in only one location, it also symbolizes uniqueness and individuality.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. The recommended cleaning methods vary significantly based on hardness, porosity, and stability.
Lapis Lazuli, due to its softness (5–6) and porous nature (from calcite and pyrite inclusions), requires the gentlest care. It should be cleaned only with a soft, dry cloth or a damp cloth with mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam, and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone or its polish. It should be stored separately to prevent scratches.
Carnelian (6.5–7) can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. It is relatively durable but should be protected from sharp blows and extreme temperature changes. As a form of quartz, it is stable under normal conditions.
Peridot (6.5–7) is also cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. However, it is more susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, which can cause fracturing. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before household chores or using cosmetics.
Spinel (7.5–8) is very durable and can be cleaned with warm soapy water, a soft brush, or even an ultrasonic cleaner (though caution is always advised with any gemstone). It is resistant to heat and chemicals, making it suitable for regular wear.
Iolite (7–7.5) shares similar care instructions to spinel. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. While relatively hard, it should still be protected from hard blows.
Blue Topaz (8) is hard and durable, making it easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water, a soft brush, and even an ultrasonic cleaner. However, it is important to note that the blue color in most topaz is achieved through treatment, and prolonged exposure to strong light or heat could potentially fade the color, though this is rare with modern treatments.
Tanzanite (6–7) is the most delicate of the alternatives mentioned. It has perfect cleavage in one direction, meaning it can split if struck with force. It should never be cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner or steam cleaner. Only mild soapy water and a soft cloth are recommended. Due to its rarity and value, professional cleaning is often advised.
Sapphire, with its hardness of 9, is one of the most durable gemstones. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water, a soft brush, an ultrasonic cleaner, and even a steam cleaner. Its resistance to chemicals and heat makes it low-maintenance, ideal for daily-wear jewelry.
Conclusion
While sapphire remains the iconic and traditional birthstone for September, a wealth of alternative gemstones offers diverse options for personalization, budget, and aesthetic preference. From the ancient, royal blue of lapis lazuli to the fiery vitality of carnelian, the transformative glow of tanzanite, and the calming azure of blue topaz, each stone carries its own unique history, properties, and symbolism. Understanding the geological origins, gemological characteristics, and cultural significance of these alternatives empowers individuals to make an informed and meaningful choice. Whether one is drawn to the durability of spinel, the rarity of tanzanite, or the historical depth of lapis lazuli, the world of September birthstones extends far beyond the classic blue sapphire, inviting a personal exploration of color, meaning, and beauty.