The tradition of birthstones, a practice linking specific gemstones to each month of the year, is a rich and evolving aspect of gemological history. While many are familiar with the primary stones associated with each month, a fascinating world of secondary or alternative birthstones exists, offering a broader spectrum of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. These stones, often with deep historical roots and unique geological properties, provide individuals with more choices to connect with a gem that resonates on a personal level. This article delves into the secondary birthstones for June, March, July, October, November, and December, exploring their gemological characteristics, historical lore, and the geological sources that bring them to light.
The Spectrum of Alternatives
The concept of birthstones has not been static; it has expanded over centuries. Originally, a limited number of stones were linked to specific months, often based on cultural significance and availability. As gemological knowledge advanced and new sources were discovered, the list of recognized birthstones grew. The inclusion of secondary birthstones further diversifies this tradition, catering to a wide range of tastes, budgets, and personal preferences. For months like June, March, July, October, November, and December, individuals can choose from more than one gemstone, each with its own story and properties.
June: The Enigmatic Alexandrite
June is traditionally associated with the pearl, but it also boasts the remarkable alexandrite as a modern secondary birthstone. This rare variety of chrysoberyl is celebrated for its extraordinary color-changing ability, a phenomenon known as the "alexandrite effect." In daylight or fluorescent light, alexandrite typically displays a green or bluish-green hue, which transforms into a reddish-purple or purplish-red shade under incandescent light. This dramatic shift is caused by the specific way the stone absorbs light, with its absorption spectrum peaking in the yellow-green region. The gem's name originates from its discovery in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the early 1830s, named after the future Tsar Alexander II. Its colors, which mirrored the old imperial Russian military colors, quickly made it a national treasure.
March: The Resilient Bloodstone
While aquamarine is the primary modern birthstone for March, the traditional alternative is bloodstone, a gem with a storied past and distinctive appearance. Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a dark green variety of chalcedony—a microcrystalline form of quartz—characterized by vivid red or brownish-red inclusions of iron oxide. These inclusions, which resemble drops of blood, are the source of the stone's name and its most defining visual feature. Historically, bloodstone was revered across various cultures. Ancient Babylonians believed it possessed healing properties and used it in amulets for vitality and strength. In the Christian tradition, it became associated with the crucifixion of Christ, with legend stating that the stone was formed from the blood of Christ falling upon the green earth. Its Mohs hardness of 7 makes it a durable choice for jewelry, suitable for rings and pendants that can withstand daily wear.
July: The Versatile Onyx
July is dominated by the fiery ruby as its primary birthstone, but onyx serves as a compelling secondary option. The name "onyx" originates from the Greek word for fingernail, stemming from a myth that Cupid trimmed Venus's fingernails, which then fell into the Indus River and were transformed into the stone. Onyx is a variety of chalcedony, prized for its solid black color, though it can also be found in brown, white, and banded patterns. The most valued form is the deep, uniform black onyx, which is often dyed to enhance its color, though natural black onyx does exist. Geologically, it is found in locations such as Brazil, India, and the United States. With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, it is relatively durable. In metaphysical beliefs, onyx is associated with strength, focus, and protection, thought to help ward off negative energy and aid in emotional recovery.
October: The Kaleidoscopic Tourmaline
October is blessed with two primary birthstones: opal and tourmaline. Tourmaline, in particular, is a gemstone of extraordinary diversity, often called the "Rainbow Gemstone" for its vast range of colors. It is a complex borosilicate mineral that can be pink, green, blue, yellow, black, or even display multiple colors within a single crystal. The "Watermelon Tourmaline," with its green outer layer and reddish-pink core, is a famous example of this polychromatic variety. Tourmaline's unique composition allows it to become electrically charged when heated or rubbed, a property known as pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Major sources include Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. Its hardness on the Mohs scale ranges from 7 to 7.5, making it excellent for all types of jewelry. Symbolically, tourmaline is believed to promote self-confidence, creativity, and protection, with different colors sometimes associated with different attributes.
November: The Golden Citrine
November’s primary birthstone is topaz, but citrine offers a warm, golden alternative. As a variety of quartz, citrine is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth, making it an accessible and affordable gemstone. Its color ranges from pale yellow to deep orange and brownish-yellow, caused by traces of iron. Citrine is found in significant deposits in Brazil, Madagascar, and the United States. The name may derive from the French word for lemon, "citron," due to its citrus-like hues. With a Mohs hardness of 7, it is durable enough for everyday jewelry. Historically, citrine has been called the "Merchant's Stone" and is associated with abundance, prosperity, and success. It is also believed to carry the warmth and energy of the sun, promoting vitality and positivity.
December: The Protective Turquoise
December offers a trio of modern birthstones: tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz, with turquoise as a traditional alternative. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral, a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum. Its name is derived from the French "pierre turquoise," meaning "Turkish stone," as it was brought to Europe from Turkey. Interestingly, the color "turquoise" is named after the gemstone itself. It is typically found in arid regions, with major sources in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Iran. Turquoise often exhibits a "matrix," which is the vein-like webbing of the host rock embedded in the stone. Contrary to some beliefs, a prominent matrix can lower the gem's value, as purer, more uniform color is generally more prized. On the Mohs scale, turquoise is relatively soft, scoring between 5 and 6, making it more susceptible to scratching and requiring careful handling. Native American cultures, particularly in the Southwest, hold turquoise in high regard, believing it brings good luck, protection from evil, and healing properties. Ancient Egyptians also valued it for its protective qualities, adorning the tombs of pharaohs with it.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Understanding the physical properties of these secondary birthstones is crucial for both collectors and jewelry enthusiasts. The following table summarizes key gemological characteristics based on the provided sources.
| Gemstone | Primary Month | Chemical Composition | Mohs Hardness | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandrite | June | Beryllium aluminium oxide (Chrysoberyl) | 8.5 | Exceptional color change from green to red. |
| Bloodstone | March | Silicon dioxide (Chalcedony) | 7 | Dark green with red iron oxide inclusions. |
| Onyx | July | Silicon dioxide (Chalcedony) | 6.5 - 7 | Solid black variety of chalcedony. |
| Tourmaline | October | Complex borosilicate | 7 - 7.5 | Wide color range; can be polychromatic. |
| Citrine | November | Silicon dioxide (Quartz) | 7 | Yellow to orange color from iron impurities. |
| Turquoise | December | Hydrous copper aluminium phosphate | 5 - 6 | Opaque, blue-green; often contains matrix. |
This comparison highlights the diversity in hardness, composition, and visual appeal among these stones. For instance, while alexandrite and onyx are both associated with June and July respectively, their hardness differs significantly, affecting their suitability for different types of jewelry. Turquoise, with its lower hardness, requires more protective settings and care.
Historical Lore and Metaphysical Beliefs
The historical and cultural significance of these gemstones is as varied as their colors. Each stone carries a legacy of beliefs and symbolism that adds to its allure.
- Alexandrite is steeped in Russian imperial history, its color change symbolizing the balance between day and night, and by extension, the balance of life's dualities. It is often associated with joy, luck, and intuition.
- Bloodstone has been linked to courage and vitality since antiquity. Its association with Christ's blood in Christian lore made it a symbol of sacrifice and martyrdom, while its use in Roman times as a seal for signets underscores its historical importance.
- Onyx, with its mythological origins, has long been connected to strength and protection. It is believed to absorb negative energy and provide support during times of stress or emotional turmoil.
- Tourmaline's vast color range has led to a wide array of metaphysical associations. It is often considered a stone of protection, balancing and grounding the wearer. Its electrical properties have also linked it to creativity and inspiration.
- Citrine is universally regarded as a stone of abundance and prosperity. Its sunny disposition is believed to attract wealth, success, and all good things, making it a popular choice for business owners and entrepreneurs.
- Turquoise is one of the oldest known protective stones. From the ancient Egyptians to the Native Americans, it has been worn as an amulet to guard against harm, bring good fortune, and promote healing. It is also considered a stone of communication and wisdom.
It is important to note that these metaphysical beliefs are part of cultural and historical traditions and are not supported by scientific evidence. They represent the human desire to find meaning and connection in the natural world.
Care and Maintenance
Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty and integrity of any gemstone. The varying hardness and durability of these secondary birthstones necessitate specific handling.
- High-Hardness Stones (Mohs 7-8.5): Alexandrite, bloodstone, onyx, tourmaline, and citrine are relatively durable. They can be cleaned with warm water, mild soap, and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for these stones, but it is always prudent to check with a professional jeweler first, especially if the stone has been treated or set in a delicate mounting.
- Softer Stones (Mohs 5-6): Turquoise requires more gentle care. It is porous and can be damaged by chemicals, heat, and prolonged exposure to water or oils, which can alter its color. Clean turquoise only with a soft, dry cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam, and harsh chemicals. Store it separately to prevent scratches from harder stones.
For all gemstones, it is advisable to remove jewelry before engaging in activities that could cause impact or exposure to harsh substances.
Conclusion
The secondary birthstones for June, March, July, October, November, and December—alexandrite, bloodstone, onyx, tourmaline, citrine, and turquoise—offer a remarkable array of choices beyond the primary stones. Each possesses unique gemological properties, from the color-changing magic of alexandrite to the protective heritage of turquoise. Their histories are woven into the fabric of human culture, from the courts of imperial Russia to the deserts of the American Southwest. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, durability, historical significance, or symbolic meaning, these stones provide a personal connection to the ancient and enduring tradition of birthstones. They remind us that within the vast world of gemstones, there is a wealth of diversity waiting to be discovered and cherished.