Peridot, the vibrant green gemstone designated for the month of August, carries a legacy that spans ancient civilizations and modern jewelry design. As the primary birthstone for this summer month, it is celebrated not only for its distinctive olive-to-lime green hue but also for its unique geological origins and rich cultural symbolism. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of peridot, exploring its historical journey from ancient Egypt to contemporary jewelry markets, its formation deep within the Earth, its defining gemological properties, and the metaphysical beliefs that have long been associated with it. We will also provide practical guidance on its care and maintenance, ensuring that this remarkable gem can be preserved for generations.
History and Lore
The history of peridot is as deep and layered as the gemstone itself. Its origins can be traced back to ancient Egypt, where it was mined on the island of Zabargad (also known as St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. This source was so significant that the gems extracted from it were often referred to as "topaz of the ancients," a misnomer that has persisted through history. Ancient Egyptian jewelers prized peridot for its stunning color, which they believed was a manifestation of the sun god Ra's divine light. The gem was frequently used in religious ceremonies and adorned the ceremonial jewelry of pharaohs and high-ranking officials. Notably, many historians believe that the famous large green gemstones found in the Treasury of the Pharaohs at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo are, in fact, peridots, not emeralds as previously thought.
Beyond Egypt, peridot was also revered in ancient Rome. Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about the gem in his seminal work Naturalis Historia, describing its use in jewelry and noting its ability to ward off evil spirits. The Romans were particularly fond of wearing peridot as an amulet for protection and to promote happiness. This belief in its protective qualities continued into the Middle Ages, where Crusaders returning from the Holy Land often brought peridot back to Europe, mistaking it for emerald due to its similar color. In medieval Germany, peridot was sometimes called "the evening emerald" because its green hue does not darken in low light, unlike many other green gemstones.
The journey of peridot to becoming a modern birthstone is a relatively recent development. The concept of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year gained widespread popularity in the 19th century. The American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) formalized a list of birthstones in 1912, which included peridot as the official gem for August. This list has been updated over time, but peridot has remained a steadfast choice for the month. Its selection is a testament to its enduring appeal and its distinctiveness among other green gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot possesses a unique geological origin that sets it apart from most other gemstones. Unlike gems that form in the Earth's crust, peridot is created in the mantle, the layer of the planet between the core and the crust. It is brought to the surface by volcanic activity. The primary source of peridot is olivine, a common silicate mineral that makes up a large portion of the Earth's mantle. Under specific conditions of high pressure and temperature, olivine crystallizes into peridot. This deep-earth origin is responsible for its characteristic inclusions, which often appear as tiny, glistening specks within the gem, sometimes referred to as "lily pads" due to their shape.
The most historically significant source of gem-quality peridot is the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. For over 3,500 years, this barren, rocky island was the primary source of peridot for the ancient world. The gemstones found here are known for their exceptional clarity and vibrant green color. While production from Zabargad has significantly declined, it remains a legendary source in the gemological world.
In modern times, several other locations have become important sources of peridot. The United States, particularly Arizona, is a major producer. The peridot found in the San Carlos Apache Reservation is renowned for its beautiful olive-green color and is often found in volcanic rock. Other significant sources include Pakistan, Myanmar (Burma), and China. Each location can produce peridots with slightly different characteristics in terms of color, clarity, and size. For instance, peridots from Pakistan are often prized for their larger sizes and intense green hues, while Chinese peridots are known for their consistent quality and availability.
The formation process of peridot is a continuous one. While the gems mined today were formed millions of years ago, the geological processes that create peridot are still active deep within the Earth, meaning that new deposits may be discovered in the future. The gem's formation is a powerful reminder of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of our planet.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Its color is primarily due to the presence of iron. The most desirable peridot exhibits a rich, vibrant olive-green to lime-green color. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot is not available in a wide range of colors; its green hue is its signature characteristic. The intensity of the color can vary, with the most valued stones displaying a saturated, pure green without strong yellow or brown overtones.
In terms of hardness, peridot ranks 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This makes it a relatively durable gemstone, suitable for various types of jewelry, including rings, earrings, and pendants. However, its hardness is lower than that of sapphire or diamond, so it requires reasonable care to avoid scratches or abrasions. Peridot has no cleavage, which is a significant advantage, as it means the gem is less likely to split or chip along certain planes when struck. However, it has poor toughness, making it susceptible to breaking if subjected to a sharp blow.
Peridot is typically found in larger sizes compared to many other gemstones. While small peridots are common, gem-quality stones over 10 carats are not unusual. This availability in larger sizes makes peridot an excellent choice for statement jewelry pieces. The gem's clarity is generally good, with inclusions often being accepted as part of its character. The most common inclusions are small, plate-like crystals or "lily pads," which are considered a hallmark of natural peridot.
The refractive index of peridot ranges from 1.654 to 1.690, and it exhibits double refraction. Its specific gravity is between 3.27 and 3.37. Peridot is pleochroic, meaning it can show slightly different shades of green when viewed from different crystal directions. This property is most noticeable in larger stones and is a key identifier for gemologists.
| Gemological Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color Range | Olive green to lime green |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Cleavage | None |
| Toughness | Poor |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 - 1.690 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.27 - 3.37 |
| Common Inclusions | "Lily pads" (plate-like crystals), small crystals |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot's symbolism is deeply intertwined with its historical use and its captivating color. Throughout history, it has been associated with light, the sun, and positive energy. In ancient Egypt, it was called the "gem of the sun" and was believed to protect against the "terrors of the night." This association with light and protection has carried forward through the centuries.
In modern metaphysical beliefs, peridot is often referred to as the "stone of compassion." It is said to have a gentle, nurturing energy that promotes emotional healing and forgiveness. Practitioners of crystal healing believe that peridot can help to release past traumas, reduce stress, and foster a sense of inner peace. Its green color is linked to the heart chakra, making it a popular stone for matters of love and relationships. It is believed to attract abundance and prosperity, both in material and spiritual forms.
Peridot is also associated with physical and mental well-being. It is thought to support the health of the heart, lungs, and lymphatic system. On a mental level, it is believed to enhance confidence, alleviate jealousy, and encourage positive thinking. For those born in August, wearing peridot is said to amplify the qualities of their birth month—strength, vitality, and good fortune.
It is important to note that while these metaphysical beliefs are widely held in certain communities, they are not supported by scientific evidence. The power of peridot, like all gemstones, lies in its beauty and the personal meaning it holds for the wearer. For many, the gem serves as a powerful symbol of personal growth, renewal, and connection to the natural world.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of peridot jewelry. Due to its moderate hardness and poor toughness, peridot should be handled with care to prevent damage.
Cleaning: The safest way to clean peridot is with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Use a mild dish soap and a soft-bristled toothbrush to gently scrub the gemstone, paying special attention to the areas around the setting where dirt can accumulate. Rinse thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, as the vibrations can cause fractures in the stone, especially if it has existing inclusions. Similarly, steam cleaning is not recommended, as the high heat and pressure can damage the gem. Always remove peridot jewelry before engaging in activities that could subject it to hard knocks or chemicals, such as gardening, cleaning, or sports.
Storage: When not in use, store peridot jewelry separately from other gems and metals to prevent scratches. A soft-lined jewelry box or a pouch is ideal. For rings, it is best to remove them before sleeping or manual work to avoid accidental impact.
Professional Maintenance: Periodically, have your peridot jewelry inspected by a professional jeweler. They can check the security of the setting and professionally clean the piece. If the peridot is set in a ring, consider having it re-tipped or re-set if the prongs show signs of wear to prevent the stone from being lost.
By following these simple care guidelines, peridot jewelry can remain a vibrant and cherished accessory for many years, preserving both its physical beauty and the sentimental value it holds.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a gemstone of remarkable character and enduring appeal. From its ancient roots in the deserts of Egypt to its modern status as the birthstone for August, it has captivated humanity with its unique olive-green hue and deep-earth origins. Its journey from the mantle to the surface via volcanic activity makes it a geological marvel, while its rich history is filled with tales of protection, power, and prosperity. As a gemstone, it possesses distinct properties that make it both beautiful and practical for jewelry, though it requires thoughtful care to maintain its integrity. Whether valued for its scientific properties, its historical significance, or its metaphysical associations, peridot offers a compelling narrative that continues to resonate with gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology alike. Its vibrant color serves as a lasting symbol of the warmth and vitality of the summer month for which it is named.