Below is a brief summary of the information available in the sources:
Summary of Available Information
The sources provide a comprehensive overview of the human ankle's anatomical structure and common medical issues associated with it.
- Anatomy: The ankle is defined as the region where the lower leg meets the foot. It comprises two primary joints: the ankle joint (or talocrural joint) and the subtalar joint. The ankle joint is a hinge joint formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus, allowing for up-and-down movement (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion). The subtalar joint, formed by the talus and calcaneus, facilitates side-to-side motion (inversion and eversion). Key bony protrusions include the medial malleolus (part of the tibia), the lateral malleolus (part of the fibula), and the posterior malleolus.
- Supporting Structures: Ligaments, such as the lateral ligament complex and the deltoid ligament, bind the bones together. Tendons, including the Achilles tendon and peroneal tendons, connect muscles to bones to enable movement and stability. Articular cartilage covers the joint surfaces, allowing for smooth motion and shock absorption.
- Injuries and Treatment: Common injuries include fractures and sprains. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and X-rays. Treatment for fractures may include bracing, casting, or surgery using metal plates and screws. The R.I.C.E. method (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) is recommended for initial management of sprains and injuries. Recovery can be a lengthy process, potentially taking months for full function to return.