The concept of a birthstone for each month is a cherished tradition, offering a personal and meaningful connection to the natural world. For the month of August, the primary traditional birthstone is the vibrant green gem known as peridot. This gemstone, with its singular hue, has a rich history that spans ancient civilizations and continues to be a favorite in modern jewelry. The tradition of associating specific gems with each month is a long-established practice, passed down through generations. The word "traditional" itself, as defined by multiple sources, refers to something "of, relating to, or being a tradition" or "handed down by tradition." This definition perfectly encapsulates the enduring legacy of the August birthstone. The practice of assigning gemstones to months is a custom that has evolved over centuries, with peridot holding its place as a symbol of those born in the eighth month. Its unique color and storied past make it a compelling subject for any gemstone enthusiast or jewelry buyer. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, drawing exclusively from the information provided in the source materials to present a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gem.
History and Lore
The history of peridot is as ancient and deep as the earth from which it is mined. Evidence suggests that this gemstone was valued by early civilizations, particularly in Egypt. The island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, now known as St. John's Island, was the primary source of peridot for the ancient world. This location was known for its production of peridot, which was mined and traded extensively. Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high regard, referring to it as the "gem of the sun." They believed the gem possessed protective qualities, capable of warding off evil spirits and nightmares, especially when set in gold. It is said that Cleopatra's famous emerald collection may have actually included peridot, a common point of confusion in historical accounts due to the similar color of the two gems. The gemstone's use was not limited to personal adornment; it was also used to decorate religious artifacts and church treasures in the Middle Ages. Many of the large, old-cut stones that were once thought to be emeralds are now recognized by gemologists as peridots, a testament to the gem's historical misidentification and enduring beauty.
The journey of peridot into the modern birthstone list is a reflection of evolving traditions. The concept of a specific birthstone for each month was formalized in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America). This standardized list was created to provide a consistent guide for jewelers and consumers. Peridot was designated as the birthstone for August, a position it has maintained ever since. This official recognition cemented the gem's place in contemporary tradition, ensuring its continued popularity. The tradition of wearing birthstones is believed to bring good fortune and health, a belief that has been passed down through generations. The historical significance of peridot, from its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern status as an August birthstone, underscores its enduring appeal and the powerful role of tradition in the world of gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is unique among gemstones for being formed deep within the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Unlike many other gems that are formed in the Earth's crust, peridot crystals are created under extreme heat and pressure in the upper mantle, approximately 20 to 50 miles below the surface. These crystals are then carried to the surface by magma during volcanic eruptions. This deep-earth origin is responsible for the gem's distinct chemical composition and its characteristic green color, which is derived from iron.
The primary historical source of peridot, the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, was known since antiquity. This location provided the ancient world with a consistent supply of the gem. In more recent times, new sources have been discovered that contribute significantly to the global market. The San Carlos Apache Reservation in Arizona, USA, is one of the most important modern sources for peridot. This location produces a significant quantity of the gemstone, often in smaller sizes suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. Other notable sources include Pakistan, which produces peridot of exceptional quality and size, often found in the high-altitude regions of the Kashmir area. Australia, China, Myanmar, and Norway also contribute to the world's supply of peridot. The gem's formation process, tied to volcanic activity, means that its availability is dependent on specific geological conditions, making each source unique in the character of the stones it produces.
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses a distinct set of physical and chemical characteristics that define it as a gemstone. Its most recognizable feature is its color, which ranges from a light, lime green to a deep olive green. The gem's signature hue is a direct result of its iron content. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot does not require heat treatment to enhance its color; its beautiful green is natural. The gem's chemical composition is magnesium iron silicate, with the formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. This composition places it in the olivine mineral group.
In terms of durability, peridot is a relatively hard and resilient gemstone. It rates between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry, including rings and daily wear pieces. However, it is important to note that while it has no cleavage (a tendency to break along flat planes), it does have a degree of toughness. Care should be taken to avoid sharp blows or extreme temperature changes, which could potentially cause fracturing. The gem is typically eye-clean, meaning it lacks significant inclusions that would be visible to the naked eye, though some stones may contain small, needle-like inclusions. The following table summarizes its key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Refractive Index | 1.64 - 1.69 |
| Color | Olive green to lime green |
| Sources | Egypt (historical), Arizona (USA), Pakistan, Australia, China, Myanmar, Norway |
The gem's brilliance and fire are notable, and it is often faceted to maximize its light-returning properties. The combination of its vibrant color, good hardness, and lack of cleavage makes it a popular choice for jewelers and a durable option for consumers.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with a wide array of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Its most ancient association is with the sun. Ancient Egyptians believed the gem was a "gem of the sun" and that it possessed the power to dispel darkness and fear. They wore it as a protective amulet against evil spirits and bad dreams. This belief in its protective power continued into the Middle Ages, where it was used to ward off enchantments and the influence of the night.
Beyond protection, peridot has also been linked to healing and prosperity. Some traditions hold that the gem can soothe anger and jealousy, promoting peace and emotional balance. It is often referred to as a stone of compassion and is believed to have a calming effect on its wearer. In some beliefs, peridot is said to bring good fortune, success, and abundance. Its connection to the heart chakra in modern metaphysical practices suggests it can help heal emotional wounds and open the heart to new love and relationships. The tradition of attributing such powers to gemstones is a long-standing one, and peridot's lore is a rich part of this heritage. The gem's association with the sun and its life-giving properties has led to its reputation as a stone of growth and renewal. These symbolic meanings, passed down through generations, add a layer of profound significance to the gemstone's physical beauty, making it a cherished talisman for many who wear it.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone, and peridot is no exception. Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot is durable enough for most types of jewelry but is softer than gems like diamond, sapphire, or ruby. This means it can be susceptible to scratching if it comes into contact with harder materials. To prevent damage, it is advisable to store peridot jewelry separately in a soft cloth or a lined jewelry box.
Cleaning peridot is a straightforward process. The gem can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush, such as a toothbrush. Gently scrub the stone and its setting to remove any dirt or oils that have accumulated. It is important to rinse the jewelry thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue. Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners are generally not recommended for peridot, as the vibrations or sudden temperature changes could potentially damage the stone, especially if it has any small fractures. It is also wise to avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals, such as household cleaners, bleach, or cosmetics, as these substances can dull its surface over time. By following these simple care instructions, the vibrant green beauty of an August birthstone can be preserved for a lifetime, honoring the tradition of passing fine jewelry down through generations.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a gemstone of remarkable beauty and historical depth, holding a cherished place as the traditional birthstone for August. Its journey from the volcanic depths of the Earth's mantle to the hands of ancient civilizations and modern jewelers is a testament to its enduring allure. The gem's signature olive-to-lime green color, a product of its iron-rich composition, makes it instantly recognizable and highly prized. Its history, particularly its connection to the ancient mines of Egypt and its frequent misidentification as emerald, adds a layer of mystery and intrigue to its story. The formalization of its status as a birthstone in the 20th century solidified a tradition that connects individuals to a timeless, natural treasure. Beyond its physical properties, peridot is rich in symbolism, carrying associations with the sun, protection, healing, and prosperity. Its durability, while requiring mindful care, makes it a practical and beautiful choice for everyday wear. Ultimately, peridot is more than just a green gem; it is a symbol of a tradition, a piece of geological history, and a personal talisman for all those born in the month of August.