For the month of March, the gemological world presents a unique duality. Unlike months with a single designated stone, March boasts two official birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These gemstones, while starkly different in appearance and composition, are united by a shared legacy of protection, lore, and symbolism. Aquamarine, with its serene blue-green hues, evokes the tranquility of the sea, while bloodstone, a dark green chalcedony marked with red splashes, embodies vitality and strength. This article explores the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of these two March birthstones, drawing upon authoritative sources to provide a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts, collectors, and students of gemology.
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months has deep historical roots. Early birthstone lists, often linked to the twelve stones described in the Bible’s Book of Revelation, originally identified bloodstone as the sole birthstone for March. It was not until the 1800s, with the standardization of birthstone lists by jewelers like Tiffany & Co., that aquamarine was added to the March list. This addition reflected both the stone’s growing popularity and its perceived alignment with the qualities of the month. March, named after the Roman god of war, Mars, is a time of transition from winter to spring, symbolizing new beginnings, rebirth, and hope. The two birthstones of March perfectly capture this duality: the calm, purifying energy of aquamarine and the courageous, strengthening power of bloodstone.
History and Lore
The historical narratives of aquamarine and bloodstone are rich and distinct, each rooted in ancient civilizations and maritime lore.
Aquamarine The name aquamarine is derived from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (sea), meaning "seawater." This etymology is directly tied to the stone’s most enduring legend: its connection to the ocean. Ancient mariners, including the Romans and Greeks, believed that aquamarine had the power to calm waves and protect sailors during their voyages. It was often carried as a talisman for safe passage across treacherous waters. Beyond its nautical associations, aquamarine was also revered for its perceived ability to bring happiness in marriage and to protect the wearer against foes in battle and litigation. Pliny the Elder, a Roman philosopher and naturalist, wrote that aquamarine took its name from "the green of the sea" and described it as a gem of purity, often chosen for engagement rings to symbolize constancy in love and marriage. In ancient times, aquamarine was regarded almost as highly as emerald and was believed to quicken the intellect and make the wearer unconquerable and amiable.
Bloodstone Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, has a history steeped in symbolism and sacrifice. Its name and lore are intrinsically linked to the red iron oxide inclusions that resemble drops of blood against its dark green background. This "blood" was thought to bring health, strength, and vitality to the wearer. One of the most potent legends surrounding bloodstone is its association with the crucifixion of Christ. It is said that the drops of Christ’s blood fell upon a green jasper stone at the foot of the cross, staining it with red spots and creating the first bloodstone. This connection made it a powerful symbol of sacrifice and martyrdom in Christian iconography. In ancient Egypt, bloodstone was used for amulets and seals, believed to have healing properties and to ward off evil. Its reputation as a stone of courage and endurance has made it a favored talisman for warriors throughout history.
Geological Formation and Sources
The two March birthstones originate from vastly different geological processes, which accounts for their contrasting physical properties.
Aquamarine Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆. It forms in pegmatites—coarse-grained igneous rocks—where beryllium-rich fluids crystallize over long periods. The blue to green-blue color of aquamarine is primarily caused by trace amounts of iron within its crystal structure. The most significant and historically important source of aquamarine is Brazil, particularly the state of Minas Gerais, which has been a major producer for the last two centuries. Other notable sources include Nigeria, Madagascar, and Pakistan. The largest faceted aquamarine in the world, the Dom Pedro, is housed at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Weighing approximately 4.6 pounds (21,000 carats), it was cut from a 100-pound rough stone in the late 1980s. Another famous specimen, the 1,298-carat dark blue rectangular step-cut aquamarine given to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt by the Brazilian government in 1936, is on display at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library.
Bloodstone Bloodstone is a variety of cryptocrystalline quartz, specifically chalcedony, which is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO₂). It forms in volcanic or sedimentary environments where silica-rich fluids fill cavities and slowly crystallize into microcrystalline quartz. The distinctive red spots are inclusions of iron oxide (hematite). Unlike aquamarine, which is valued for its transparency and clarity, bloodstone is typically opaque. Major sources for bloodstone include India, Australia, Brazil, and the United States (particularly Oregon and California). The stone is often found in nodules or veins within host rock and is commonly cut into cabochons to best display its characteristic color contrast.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of aquamarine and bloodstone are as divergent as their origins, making them suitable for different types of jewelry and care requirements.
| Property | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Beryl (Cyclosilicate) | Chalcedony (Quartz) |
| Chemical Formula | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ | SiO₂ |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal | Trigonal (microcrystalline) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5 – 8 | 6.5 – 7 |
| Refractive Index | 1.577 – 1.583 | 1.530 – 1.539 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.68 – 2.80 | 2.58 – 2.64 |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) | Vitreous to waxy |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent | Opaque |
| Typical Cut | Faceted (step, brilliant, mixed) | Cabochon, beads, carvings |
| Color | Light blue to green-blue | Dark green with red inclusions |
Aquamarine Aquamarine is prized for its clarity and transparency. High-quality specimens are often free from visible inclusions, resembling clear water. Its hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale makes it durable enough for all types of jewelry, including rings, provided it is protected from sharp blows. The color range is from a pale, almost colorless blue to a deep green-blue, with the most valuable hues being a vivid, medium-blue. The color is stable under normal lighting conditions, but prolonged exposure to high heat can cause fading or discoloration.
Bloodstone Bloodstone’s value lies in its unique appearance and durability. With a hardness of 6.5 to 7, it is slightly softer than aquamarine but still suitable for jewelry, particularly in pieces that are less likely to encounter abrasion, such as pendants or earrings. Its opacity means it is almost exclusively cut as a cabochon (a smooth, rounded dome) to highlight the contrast between the dark green base and the red "blood" spots. The stone is generally not treated, as its natural pattern is its primary appeal. Care should be taken to avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, which can damage the stone or affect its polish.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both aquamarine and bloodstone have been attributed with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties that have evolved over centuries.
Aquamarine Aquamarine is consistently associated with the element of water and the sea. Its primary symbolic meanings are purity, clarity, and emotional balance. It is considered a stone of communication, believed to aid in clear and truthful expression, making it a favorite among students and professionals who rely on articulate speech. In energy healing traditions, aquamarine is linked to the throat chakra, the center of communication and self-expression. It is also thought to calm the mind, reduce stress, and soothe anxiety. Astrologically, aquamarine is considered a perfect match for the sensitive and intuitive water sign of Pisces (born February 19 – March 20).
Bloodstone Bloodstone symbolizes strength, endurance, and sacrifice. Its connection to blood and life force makes it a powerful talisman for vitality, courage, and physical health. It is often used to overcome obstacles, providing the wearer with the determination to pursue their goals. In metaphysical practices, bloodstone is associated with the root chakra, which governs grounding, stability, and survival instincts. It is believed to cleanse negative energy and provide protection. Astrologically, bloodstone resonates with the fiery and ambitious energy of Aries (born March 21 – April 19), the first sign of the zodiac, ruled by Mars, the god of war after whom the month of March is named.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these gemstones.
Aquamarine Due to its high hardness and lack of cleavage, aquamarine is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals, such as bleach or ammonia, and ultrasonic cleaners, especially if the stone has inclusions. While aquamarine is resistant to light and heat, it is best to avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures, such as those found in a jeweler’s torch or a hot oven, which could alter its color.
Bloodstone Bloodstone requires more careful handling due to its lower hardness and potential for surface scratching. Clean it with a soft cloth, warm water, and a mild soap. Do not use ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as the vibrations and heat can cause fractures or damage the polish. Store bloodstone jewelry separately from harder stones to prevent scratching. Given its opacity and typical cabochon cut, it is less likely to show minor scratches than a faceted stone, but care should still be taken to protect it from sharp impacts.
Conclusion
Aquamarine and bloodstone, the two birthstones of March, offer a compelling study in contrasts. Aquamarine, a transparent beryl with a hardness of 7.5 to 8, is celebrated for its serene blue-green color and historical association with the sea, purity, and clear communication. Bloodstone, an opaque chalcedony with a hardness of 6.5 to 7, is renowned for its dark green body with red iron oxide inclusions, symbolizing vitality, courage, and sacrifice. Both stones have been cherished for millennia, not only for their aesthetic appeal but also for their profound symbolic meanings and perceived protective powers. Whether one is drawn to the calming, ethereal beauty of aquamarine or the earthy, strengthening energy of bloodstone, these March birthstones provide a meaningful connection to the natural world, history, and personal identity. Their enduring legacy continues to make them cherished choices for jewelry and talismans, perfectly encapsulating the spirit of March—a month of transition, rebirth, and new beginnings.