The gemstone most closely associated with the month of September is the sapphire, a gem revered for its profound blue hue and remarkable durability. While sapphire is the official modern birthstone, historical and cultural traditions have also recognized other stones, such as lapis lazuli, sardonyx, and zircon, for this month. The sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, celebrated not only for its beauty but also for the deep symbolism of wisdom, loyalty, and nobility it has carried through centuries. Its name is derived from the Latin sapphirus and Greek sappheiros, both meaning "blue," a direct reference to the color that made it famous. Beyond its role as a birthstone, sapphire is also a traditional gift for the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring commitment. This article will explore the sapphire's rich history, geological origins, gemological properties, and its place in both formal gemology and cultural lore.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is as rich and layered as the gem itself. Its journey to becoming the official birthstone for September was formalized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern standardized lists began to take shape in 1870 when Tiffany & Co. published a pamphlet of birthstone poems, which designated sapphire for September. This was followed by the first official standardized list in 1912, created by the American National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America). The British National Association of Goldsmiths published its own list in 1937, further cementing sapphire's status. These formalizations were based on existing traditions and commercial availability.
Long before these modern lists, sapphire was a stone of great significance in many cultures. In ancient Persia, rulers believed the sky was blue because it reflected the sapphires of the earth. During the medieval period, clergy wore sapphires to symbolize Heaven, and it was widely believed by ordinary citizens that the gemstone could attract heavenly blessings. Throughout its history, sapphire has been inextricably linked to royalty and romance. It was considered a stone of protection, believed to shield those born in September from harm and envy. The gem's association with truth, sincerity, constancy, and the purity of the soul has made it a meaningful gift for birthdays and anniversaries alike.
While blue sapphire is the most famous, it is important to note that sapphire belongs to the corundum mineral family, which also includes the ruby. Sapphires occur in nearly every color of the rainbow except red; red corundum is classified as ruby. The wide array of colors, known as "fancy sapphires," includes pink, yellow, green, and purple, all caused by trace elements within the crystal structure.
Alternative Birthstones and Historical Variations
Although blue sapphire is the primary modern birthstone for September, several other stones have held this designation in various historical and cultural calendars. These alternatives provide a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of birthstone traditions.
Lapis Lazuli Lapis Lazuli is the alternative modern birthstone for September, particularly recognized in Britain. Like sapphire, it is known for its deep royal blue color. It is also one of the Zodiac birthstones for Libra (September 24 - October 23).
Sardonyx Sardonyx is a historical birthstone for September, appearing in old Roman and Polish calendars. It is a variety of onyx characterized by red bands of sard layered with black or white bands. In Ancient Rome, soldiers wore sardonyx as it was believed to enhance courage, making it known as the "Stone of Valor."
Zircon In the Hindu calendar, Zircon serves as the birthstone for September. It is also the talismanic stone for Virgo, which spans part of September. Zircon is a transparent gemstone available in various colors, though its blue variety is the most popular and is often used as a diamond substitute. It is believed to bring peace of mind and prosperity.
Moonstone Before zircon, Moonstone was the September birthstone in the old Hindu (Ayurvedic) calendar. This gem is composed of alternating layers of orthoclase and albite, which gives it a unique glowing appearance, often described as looking like it is glowing from within. It is traditionally believed to relieve anxiety.
Agate In the old Tibetan calendar, Agate was the birthstone for September. Agate is a banded chalcedony that occurs in a wide range of colors. One of its varieties, sardonyx, is also a traditional September stone. Agate is believed to enhance intelligence and increase eloquence.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire, as a variety of corundum, is formed under specific geological conditions. It is a gem form of crystalline aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), the same chemical composition as ruby. The formation of these crystals requires the presence of aluminum and oxygen under intense heat and pressure, typically in metamorphic rocks. The distinctive blue color of sapphire is caused by trace amounts of iron and titanium within the crystal structure. Other colors in fancy sapphires are the result of different trace elements.
While the provided sources do not detail the specific mining locations or the geological processes of sapphire formation, they establish its identity as a variety of corundum. The gem's durability and hardness are a direct result of its crystalline structure, making it suitable for various types of jewelry.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire is renowned not only for its color but also for its exceptional physical properties, which contribute to its value and suitability for everyday wear. It is considered one of the toughest gemstones in nature.
Key Gemological Properties of Sapphire:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Corundum |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 9 (Second only to diamond) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.770 |
| Specific Gravity | 4.00 (+/- 0.10) |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Colors | Blue (most famous), pink, yellow, green, purple, white, colorless (fancy sapphires) |
The most critical property for a gemstone intended for daily wear is its hardness. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, sapphire ranks at 9. This makes it exceptionally resistant to scratching and abrasion, second only to diamond (which ranks at 10). This durability is a primary reason for its popularity in engagement rings, earrings, and other jewelry that is subject to frequent use. The sources note that this toughness is a perfect representation of a relationship that has grown stronger over time, reinforcing its use in anniversary gifts.
The chemical composition of sapphire is aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The presence of trace elements like iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) is what creates the classic deep blue color. If these elements are absent, the result is a colorless sapphire. If other trace elements are present, such as chromium (Cr) for pink or vanadium (V) for some greens and purples, a "fancy" colored sapphire is produced.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism associated with sapphire is deep-rooted and consistent across many cultures. Its primary meanings revolve around wisdom, truth, and loyalty.
- Wisdom and Clarity: Sapphires have long been associated with mental clarity and focus. For men born in September, sapphire is said to encourage clear thinking, confidence, and inner strength. This belief in its power to clarify thought and reveal truth made it a favorite among medieval clergy and royalty.
- Loyalty and Constancy: The gem's enduring nature has made it a symbol of faithfulness and commitment. This is why it is the designated gift for the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries. Its use in engagement rings, famously chosen by Princess Diana and later by Catherine, Princess of Wales, further solidifies its connection to enduring love and loyalty.
- Protection: Historically, sapphire was considered a powerful talisman. It was believed to protect its wearer from harm, envy, and negative energy. Ancient soldiers and rulers alike sought its protective qualities. This belief extends to its alternative stones as well; for example, sardonyx was worn for courage, and traditional stone agate was believed to protect from negativity.
- Royalty and Nobility: The deep blue color of sapphire has been associated with the heavens and, by extension, with divine favor and royalty. Its use in crowns, scepters, and ecclesiastical rings throughout history underscores its regal status.
While these metaphysical beliefs are widely held in cultural and historical contexts, it is important to distinguish them from the scientific gemological properties of the stone. However, they form a significant part of the gem's allure and its significance as a meaningful gift.
Care and Cleaning
Given its exceptional hardness and lack of cleavage, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for, making it an excellent choice for jewelry that is worn regularly.
Durability: With a Mohs hardness of 9, sapphire is extremely resistant to scratching. It can only be scratched by materials of equal or greater hardness, such as diamond, moissanite, or other sapphires. It also has no cleavage, meaning it will not split or fracture along specific planes when struck, which makes it less brittle than many other gems.
Cleaning: The best way to clean sapphire is with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. A mild dish soap diluted in lukewarm water is effective. Use a soft-bristled brush (like a baby toothbrush) to gently scrub the back and front of the stone, especially around any settings where dirt can accumulate. After cleaning, rinse the jewelry thoroughly with clean water to remove any soap residue. Dry it with a soft, lint-free cloth.
What to Avoid: * Ultrasonic Cleaners: While many sapphires can be cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner, it is generally not recommended if the stone has been fracture-filled or if it has been treated in a way that could be affected by the vibrations. It is safest to avoid ultrasonic cleaners unless you are certain of the stone's treatment history. * Steam Cleaners: High heat and steam can potentially damage certain gemstones or their settings. It is advisable to avoid steam cleaning for sapphire jewelry. * Abrasive Cleaners: Avoid harsh chemicals, bleach, or abrasive cleaners, as these can dull the polish of the metal setting or, in rare cases, affect any treatments on the stone.
For storage, it is best to keep sapphire jewelry in a soft cloth or a separate compartment in a jewelry box to prevent it from scratching other, softer gemstones.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as the definitive birthstone for September, a gem of unparalleled beauty, durability, and historical significance. Its journey from the ancient belief that it colored the sky to its modern status as a symbol of wisdom and loyalty is a testament to its enduring appeal. As a variety of corundum, it possesses a remarkable hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, making it an ideal gemstone for all forms of jewelry. While blue is its most celebrated color, the world of "fancy sapphires" offers a spectrum of possibilities. Beyond the official sapphire, the history of September's birthstones includes other fascinating gems like lapis lazuli, sardonyx, zircon, and moonstone, each with its own unique story. Whether chosen for a September birthday, a 5th or 45th anniversary, or simply for its majestic appearance, the sapphire remains a timeless and cherished treasure.