The month of February and the zodiac sign of Pisces are uniquely intertwined with two distinct yet complementary gemstones: Amethyst and Aquamarine. While Amethyst stands as the traditional and modern birthstone for the month of February, Aquamarine is specifically designated as the primary birthstone for those born under the watery, intuitive sign of Pisces. Together, these stones represent a fascinating duality—the rich, spiritual depth of Amethyst and the serene, courageous clarity of Aquamarine. This article explores their historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, and the symbolic meanings attributed to them, drawing upon established traditions and contemporary beliefs to provide a comprehensive guide for gemstone enthusiasts and collectors.
History and Lore
The historical narrative of these birthstones is rich and varied, with Amethyst boasting a lineage that stretches back to antiquity. Its name derives from the Greek amethystos, meaning "not intoxicated," a reference to the ancient belief that the stone could prevent drunkenness. This association stemmed from its wine-like purple hues and its connection to Bacchus, the god of wine. It was thought that wearing Amethyst could maintain a clear head, a virtue valued in both battle and daily life. This belief persisted into the Renaissance, where Europeans suggested it could also calm passionate lovers. Throughout history, Amethyst has been a symbol of power, nobility, and spiritual awareness, adorning the collections of royal families across Europe and Asia.
In contrast, the lore of Aquamarine is deeply connected to the sea. Its name, from the Latin aqua marina, means "sea water," reflecting its captivating blue-green color. Historically, it was believed to be the treasure of mermaids and was used by sailors as a talisman for good luck and protection against the perils of the ocean. It was also associated with eternal youth and happiness. While Amethyst has a broader historical association with the month of February, Aquamarine's significance is more specifically tied to the Pisces zodiac sign, resonating with the water element that defines this astrological sign.
The concept of birthstones itself has ancient roots, often linked to the twelve stones in the breastplate of the High Priest of Israel described in the Book of Exodus, or the twelve foundation stones of the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation. In these biblical lists, Amethyst is identified as the twelfth stone, paralleling Pisces as the twelfth sign of the zodiac. The modern list of monthly birthstones was standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers and later modified in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, solidifying Amethyst's place as February's primary stone. For Pisces, the choice of birthstone can vary depending on the list consulted, with some traditional lists including Amethyst, Jasper, or even Zircon for February, while March and Pisces are strongly associated with Aquamarine and, in some alternative lists, Bloodstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amethyst is a variety of quartz, specifically a purple variety of crystalline silica. Its color is primarily due to the presence of iron impurities and natural irradiation during its formation. It is found in geodes and volcanic rock cavities. Major sources of Amethyst include Brazil, which is the largest producer, as well as Uruguay, Zambia, and parts of the United States (notably Arizona). The quality of Amethyst can vary, with the most prized specimens exhibiting deep, uniform purple coloration with flashes of red and blue.
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, with its characteristic blue-to-blue-green color coming from trace amounts of iron. It typically forms in large, hexagonal crystals within pegmatites and metamorphic rocks. The most significant commercial sources of Aquamarine include Brazil, Nigeria, Madagascar, and Pakistan. High-quality Aquamarine is valued for its clarity and saturated color, with the most desirable hues being a deep, vivid blue, often referred to as "Santa Maria" after a famous Brazilian mine.
While the provided sources do not detail specific mining locations for all associated stones, they do note that Jasper is a group of chalcedony stones (a microcrystalline form of quartz) and Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, dating back roughly 4.4 billion years. These stones are mined globally, with significant deposits found in Australia, Sri Lanka, and the United States for Zircon, and a wide variety of locations for Jasper, including Brazil, India, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and optical characteristics of these gemstones is essential for identification, valuation, and care. The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of Amethyst and Aquamarine based on standard mineralogical data.
| Property | Amethyst (Quartz) | Aquamarine (Beryl) |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ | Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈ |
| Crystal System | Trigonal | Hexagonal |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 7 | 7.5 - 8 |
| Refractive Index | 1.544 - 1.553 | 1.567 - 1.590 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.65 | 2.68 - 2.70 |
| Cleavage | Poor | Poor |
| Luster | Vitreous (glassy) | Vitreous |
| Typical Treatments | Heat treatment to lighten or change color (e.g., to Citrine) | Heat treatment to remove yellow/green tints; fracture filling with oil or resin is common for clarity enhancement |
Amethyst, with a hardness of 7, is durable enough for most jewelry, though it can be scratched by materials harder than 7, such as corundum (ruby, sapphire) or diamond. It is relatively tough but can be brittle along certain directions due to its crystal structure. Aquamarine, being harder (7.5-8), is more resistant to scratching and is an excellent choice for rings and other jewelry that may encounter daily wear. Both stones are generally eye-clean, meaning inclusions are not typically visible to the naked eye, though inclusions can affect value and clarity grading.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their physical beauty, these gemstones are imbued with profound symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, particularly within the context of astrology and crystal healing.
Amethyst is widely regarded as a stone of spirituality, sobriety, and peace. It is believed to calm the mind, relieve stress, and facilitate a connection to higher consciousness. For the intuitive and sensitive Pisces, Amethyst is said to enhance inner peace and balance, strengthen intuition, and support the development of healthy, solid relationships. Its calming energy is thought to be particularly beneficial for Pisces, who can sometimes be overwhelmed by their deep emotional and imaginative nature.
Aquamarine, true to its name and color, is associated with the soothing and cleansing energy of water. It is known as the "stone of courage," believed to calm fears and phobias, promote clear communication, and foster a sense of tranquility. For Pisces, the water sign, Aquamarine is a natural ally. It is said to enhance creativity and imagination, sharpen the intellect, and provide comfort and strength. It is also believed to heighten awareness and bring luck and prosperity, symbolizing the boundless possibilities that resonate with the Piscean spirit.
Other stones mentioned in the context of February and Pisces also carry specific meanings. Jasper is considered a super grounding and protective stone, helping to keep the imaginative Pisces "feet on the ground." Zircon is believed to balance all aspects of the self—emotional, physical, intellectual, and spiritual—into harmonious function. Bloodstone (for March) is known as a stone of courage and vitality, while Jade and Serpentine appear on alternative lists for February, associated with harmony and protection.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these gemstones. The cleaning methods are dictated by their physical properties and any treatments they may have undergone.
Amethyst is relatively durable but can be sensitive to prolonged exposure to heat and strong light, which may cause its color to fade. It is best cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated Amethyst, but should be avoided if the stone has been fracture-filled or treated. Steam cleaning is not recommended.
Aquamarine is more heat-resistant and can typically withstand higher temperatures, making it generally safe for ultrasonic and steam cleaning. However, many Aquamarines on the market have been treated with oils or resins to fill surface-reaching fractures and improve clarity. These treatments can be damaged by heat and strong solvents. Therefore, the safest method for cleaning Aquamarine is also with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is crucial to avoid harsh chemicals and sudden temperature changes.
For all gemstones, it is advisable to remove jewelry before engaging in physical activities, household chores, or swimming to prevent impact damage or contact with chemicals. Storing each piece separately in a soft cloth or lined jewelry box will prevent scratches from harder materials.
Conclusion
Amethyst and Aquamarine stand as the primary birthstones for February and the Pisces zodiac sign, respectively, each offering a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolic power. Amethyst, with its regal purple hue and ancient lore of clarity and spiritual depth, provides a grounding and intuitive anchor. Aquamarine, with its serene blue tones and association with the sea, offers courage, tranquility, and creative inspiration. Together, they reflect the dual nature of the Piscean experience—deeply emotional yet imaginatively boundless. Whether chosen for their historical significance, geological rarity, or perceived metaphysical benefits, these gemstones remain enduring symbols of identity and personal harmony, cherished by those born under the February sun and the watery sign of the Fish.