August is a unique month in the gemological calendar, distinguished by not one, but three official birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This triad offers a remarkable spectrum of colors, from the vibrant olive-green of peridot to the fiery reds of spinel and the earthy, banded patterns of sardonyx. This variety provides individuals born in August with a wealth of choices, allowing for personal expression through color, historical connection, and symbolic meaning. The selection of these stones reflects a journey through history, from ancient talismans to modern symbols of strength and resilience. While peridot has long been the primary gem associated with the month, the inclusion of spinel and sardonyx has broadened the appeal, offering options that cater to diverse tastes and budgets. This article explores the distinct characteristics of each of August's birthstones, delving into their geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and the rich symbolism that makes them cherished additions to any jewelry collection.
A Spectrum of History: The Evolution of August's Gems
The history of August's birthstones is a layered narrative of tradition and modern adaptation. Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, stands as the most ancient of the trio, revered for centuries for its durability and symbolic power. Its use in cameos and intaglios dates back to classical antiquity, where it was a favored material for carving intricate designs. Peridot's history is equally storied, with evidence of its use tracing back to ancient Egypt, where it was mined on the island of Zabargad and believed to ward off evil spirits. Spinel, often mistaken for ruby throughout history, has a more recent recognition as a distinct birthstone. Its official addition to the August list in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) was a move to provide more options for consumers in terms of color, affordability, and availability.
This evolution culminated in the modern list of August birthstones, which acknowledges the traditional significance of sardonyx, the long-standing official status of peridot (established in 1912), and the contemporary appeal of spinel. This trio allows for a broad expression of personal style, connecting the wearer to a lineage of gem appreciation that spans millennia.
Peridot: The Radiant Green Gem of the Sun
Peridot is the official birthstone for August, celebrated for its distinctive and vibrant green hue. Unlike many other green gems that derive their color from trace elements like chromium or vanadium, peridot's color is an intrinsic result of the presence of iron within its chemical structure. This unique origin gives it a consistent, radiant glow that ranges from fresh lime and yellow-green to deep olive, reminiscent of summer foliage. The intensity of its color can vary depending on the size of the crystal, but its appeal remains constant.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is one of the few gemstones that is found in only one color. It is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, which is a common mineral in the Earth's upper mantle. Its formation occurs deep within the Earth and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. This igneous origin makes it one of the oldest known gemstones, with some peridot crystals found in meteorites, linking them to extraterrestrial origins. Historically, the primary source of peridot was the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, which was mined for thousands of years and supplied the gemstones worn by Egyptian pharaohs. While this ancient mine is no longer a major producer, other significant sources include Pakistan, Myanmar, and the United States (Arizona).
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses a set of physical characteristics that define its use in jewelry. It ranks 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it a reasonably durable stone for various jewelry types, though it requires some care to avoid scratches. Its chemical composition is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Peridot is known for its high refractive index, which contributes to its brilliance, and it typically has no cleavage, meaning it is less likely to split along planes when struck.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The lore surrounding peridot is rich and varied. Ancient Egyptians believed it was a "gem of the sun" and associated it with protection against nightmares and evil spirits. It was thought to bring the wearer power, influence, and a connection to the natural world. In modern crystal healing, peridot is linked to the heart chakra and is believed to promote emotional clarity, abundance, and joy. It is often associated with renewal and growth, making it a fitting symbol for those born in the height of summer.
Spinel: The Resilient Stone of Vibrant Hues
Spinel is a versatile and durable gemstone that has gained significant recognition as a modern birthstone for August. It is most prized for its vivid red color, which has led to its frequent confusion with ruby throughout history. However, spinel is a distinct mineral with its own unique properties and a stunning array of possible colors.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl₂O₄) and forms under high-temperature, low-pressure conditions, often in metamorphic rocks. It is found in various locations around the world, with some of the most famous historical sources being the marble mines of Myanmar (Burma) and the metamorphic deposits of Sri Lanka. The "Black Prince's Ruby" in the British Imperial State Crown and the "Timur Ruby" are actually large red spinels, testament to its historical misidentification and value.
Gemological Properties
One of spinel's most appealing attributes is its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it exceptionally durable and well-suited for rings, earrings, and bracelets that are worn daily. It lacks the cleavage planes found in many other gems, contributing to its toughness. Spinel's color range is exceptionally broad, encompassing shades of pink, orange, purple, blue, and even black, in addition to its famous ruby-red. This variety offers August-born individuals a wide palette to choose from, allowing for significant personalization in jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Spinel is often associated with revitalization and energy. Its vibrant colors are said to inspire passion and creativity. In metaphysical traditions, spinel is believed to help in achieving goals, renewing energy, and overcoming lethargy. It is considered a stone of resilience, thought to help the wearer bounce back from challenges and stress.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Banded Protector
Sardonyx, the traditional birthstone for August, is a variety of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is characterized by its distinctive parallel bands of reddish-brown sard and white or black onyx, creating a striking, layered appearance that has been prized by artisans for centuries.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sardonyx forms when layers of sard and onyx, both varieties of chalcedony, grow over one another in a solution-rich environment. This process creates the unique banding that is its hallmark. It is found in various parts of the world, including India, Brazil, Germany, and the United States. The skill of the lapidary is crucial in cutting sardonyx to best display its bands for use in cameos, intaglios, and other ornamental objects.
Gemological Properties
Like other forms of chalcedony, sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. Its chemical composition is silicon dioxide (SiO₂). While its appearance is distinct from the transparent peridot and spinel, its durability makes it suitable for carving and for jewelry that can withstand moderate wear. The visual appeal of sardonyx lies in its natural, earthy patterns, with each stone displaying a unique arrangement of its bands.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx has a long history associated with strength, stability, and protection. In ancient Rome, it was a popular stone for signet rings, as it was believed to protect the wearer from harm and bring good fortune. It was also associated with courage and clear communication, making it a favored talisman for orators and leaders. In contemporary beliefs, sardonyx is said to promote happiness and marital fidelity, and its grounding energy is thought to provide stability and confidence.
Care and Cleaning of August Birthstones
Given the varied hardness and properties of the three August birthstones, proper care is essential to maintain their beauty.
- Peridot: With a hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot is relatively soft and can be scratched by harder materials. It should be stored separately from other jewelry. To clean it, use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and extreme temperature changes, which can cause damage.
- Spinel: As a harder and more durable gem (8 on the Mohs scale), spinel is easier to care for. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush, and it is resistant to most chemicals.
- Sardonyx: With a hardness of 6.5 to 7, sardonyx should be handled with similar care to peridot. Warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush are the best methods for cleaning. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, which may damage the stone or any settings.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—offer a compelling trio of beauty, history, and meaning. From the radiant, single-hued green of peridot to the versatile and vibrant palette of spinel and the ancient, banded strength of sardonyx, each gem provides a unique connection to the natural world and to human history. Their selection as August's official gems reflects a desire to offer choice, durability, and a rich tapestry of symbolism to those born in this summer month. Whether chosen for its color, its lore, or its resilience, any of these stones serves as a powerful and personal emblem for the individual.