August stands unique in the calendar of birthstones, offering not one, but three distinct gemstones to represent those born in the height of summer. This trio—Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx—provides a remarkable spectrum of color, history, and symbolism. While Peridot is widely recognized as the primary birthstone, the inclusion of Spinel and Sardonyx offers a rich diversity that caters to a wide range of personal tastes and styles. The journey of the August birthstone is a story of evolution, reflecting changes in trade, availability, and consumer preference over centuries. From the brilliant lime-green of Peridot to the fiery reds of Spinel and the bold bands of Sardonyx, these gems celebrate the vibrant energy of their associated month.
The modern list of birthstones was largely standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), which designated Peridot as the official August gem. Sardonyx, the traditional choice, was retained, and much later, in 2016, the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) added Spinel to the list, giving August-born individuals an even broader palette to choose from. This article will explore the unique characteristics of each of these three stones, delving into their geological origins, gemological properties, historical lore, and the symbolic meanings that have been ascribed to them through the ages.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot is the gemological name for the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine. It is one of the few gemstones that occurs in only one color: a distinct lime-green. The source of this captivating hue is its unique chemical composition. Unlike many other colored gemstones that derive their color from trace impurities, Peridot’s green is an intrinsic part of its chemical structure, caused by the presence of iron within the mineral's crystalline lattice. The intensity of the green can vary depending on the amount of iron present, ranging from a light, yellowish-green to a deeper, more olive-toned green.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot has an extraterrestrial origin story. It is the only gemstone found in meteorites, specifically pallasite meteorites, which are remnants from the formation of our solar system. However, the vast majority of commercial Peridot is mined from the Earth. It is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle under extreme heat and pressure and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. This geological process explains why significant Peridot deposits are often found in areas with a history of volcanic activity. While sources do not specify exact modern mining locations, the gem’s formation is inextricably linked to these powerful geological forces.
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses a respectable hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for most types of jewelry, though care should be taken to avoid hard knocks or abrasions that could cause chipping. It has a vitreous (glass-like) luster and a refractive index that gives it a brilliant sparkle when cut well. High-quality Peridot is valued for its vibrant, saturated color and relative lack of inclusions, though some needle-like inclusions are common and can help gemologists distinguish natural Peridot from synthetic counterparts.
History and Lore
The history of Peridot dates back thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians prized the stone, calling it the "gem of the sun," and believed it protected its wearer from the terrors of the night. It was mined on the island of Zabargad (now St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, a source that supplied the ancient world with this vibrant green gem. In medieval times, Peridot was used to ornament church vessels and was believed to have the power to dispel darkness and fear. The "Three Holy Kings Shrine" in Cologne Cathedral, Germany, is famously adorned with large Peridot crystals, showcasing its historical importance in religious and royal adornment.
Spinel: The Great Impostor
Spinel is a gemstone that has often been mistaken for more famous relatives, primarily ruby and sapphire. For centuries, magnificent red spinels were misidentified as rubies. The "Black Prince's Ruby," a massive red gem set in the British Imperial State Crown, is, in fact, a spinel. This history of mistaken identity has led to Spinel being historically undervalued, but in recent decades, it has gained recognition as a stunning and valuable gemstone in its own right.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl₂O₄) and forms under similar geological conditions as ruby and sapphire, often found in the same metamorphic rock types. It crystallizes under high temperatures and pressures. While sources do not specify modern mining locations, notable historical sources include the Badakhshan region of Central Asia (modern-day Afghanistan and Tajikistan), which supplied the spinels for the Crowns of many European monarchies. The gem’s ability to form in a wide variety of colors is one of its most celebrated features.
Gemological Properties
One of Spinel’s most remarkable attributes is its extensive color range. While it is most prized for its vivid, saturated reds that can rival the finest ruby, it is also found in a stunning array of other colors, including hot pink, soft pink, purple, vibrant orange, cobalt blue, and even black. Its hardness on the Mohs scale is 8, making it an excellent and durable choice for all types of jewelry, including rings and daily-wear pieces. It has a high refractive index and strong brilliance, contributing to its lively appearance. Spinel is also known for being relatively "clean," with fewer inclusions than many other colored gems, which enhances its clarity and appeal.
History and Lore
The history of Spinel is intertwined with that of ruby. It was often sourced from the same regions and sold to royalty who prized red gems for their symbolic connection to power and passion. The term "spinel" is derived from the Latin word "spina," meaning thorn, likely referring to the shape of its common crystals. The addition of Spinel to the August birthstone list in 2016 by the AGTA was a significant update, acknowledging its beauty, durability, and growing popularity in the modern jewelry market. It finally stepped out from the shadow of its ruby and sapphire cousins to be celebrated for its own unique qualities.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Strength
Sardonyx is a variety of the mineral chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is characterized by its distinctive banding, which combines layers of sard (a reddish-brown or orange-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a black and white banded chalcedony). The bands are typically straight and parallel, creating a striking, graphic pattern. The colors can range from a deep, rich red or reddish-brown to a lighter, creamy white, depending on the specific layers.
Geological Formation and Sources
As a member of the quartz family, Sardonyx forms from silica deposits in volcanic rock, specifically as a secondary mineral filling cavities and fissures. The banding occurs as successive layers of different colored chalcedony are deposited over time. While specific modern mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources, quartz varieties are found all over the world. Sardonyx has been a known and used gemstone since antiquity, with significant historical sources in India.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a reasonably durable gemstone suitable for carving, cameos, and intaglios. Its waxy to vitreous luster gives it a subtle sheen. The most valued specimens exhibit sharp contrast between the dark reddish-brown bands and the white or light-colored bands. Its opaque nature distinguishes it from transparent gemstones, and its patterns make each piece unique.
History and Lore
Sardonyx is the original traditional birthstone for August. Its use dates back to ancient times, particularly in Greece and Rome, where it was a popular material for signet rings and cameos. In ancient Rome, Sardonyx was believed to grant the wearer strength, courage, and protection in battle. It was also associated with eloquent speech and was used by orators to gain confidence. The stone's protective qualities made it a common choice for amulets and talismans. Its inclusion on the 1912 birthstone list alongside Peridot cemented its place as a key gem for the month of August.
The Spectrum of August: A Summary of Colors
The color palette associated with August is exceptionally diverse, reflecting the unique characteristics of its three official birthstones. This variety allows for a high degree of personal expression.
- Peridot: The quintessential color of August is a bright, vibrant lime-green. This shade is synonymous with summer foliage and carries an energetic, fresh feeling. It is the most common and recognizable color associated with the month.
- Spinel: This gem offers the widest range of colors. The most sought-after shade is a vivid, ruby-like red, but the spectrum extends to include fiery oranges, soft pinks, deep purples, and brilliant blues. This versatility makes Spinel a favorite for designers and those seeking a non-traditional look.
- Sardonyx: Its color is defined by its bands. The combination of reddish-brown and white provides an earthy, natural, and bold aesthetic. It offers a more subdued and grounded color profile compared to the other two August stones.
The overall color theme for August is described as vibrant and energetic, combining the cool, fresh green of Peridot with the warm, fiery tones of Spinel and the earthy bands of Sardonyx.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the three August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, providing a rich tapestry of beliefs for those who wear them.
- Peridot: Known as a stone of prosperity and protection. It is believed to bring good fortune, wealth, and emotional clarity. Its connection to the sun suggests it is a stone of light and positivity, capable of dispelling negativity and fostering openness to new opportunities.
- Spinel: Symbolizes inspiration, energy, and resilience. It is seen as a stone that revitalizes the wearer, providing a boost of energy and encouraging perseverance in the face of challenges. Its association with renewal makes it a powerful gem for personal growth.
- Sardonyx: Represents courage, strength, and stability. Historically valued for its protective qualities, it is believed to ground the wearer and provide steadfastness. It is also associated with strong, stable relationships and virtuous conduct.
These symbolic meanings add a layer of personal significance to the gemstones, transforming them from mere adornments into objects of personal power and intention.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. The physical properties of the August birthstones dictate the best practices for their maintenance.
- Peridot (Mohs 6.5-7): Peridot is moderately durable but can be susceptible to scratches and chipping. It is best cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning, as the stone's inclusions could be affected by sudden temperature changes. Store it separately from harder stones to prevent scratches.
- Spinel (Mohs 8): Spinel is very durable and an excellent choice for rings and other jewelry that sees daily wear. It can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water, an ultrasonic cleaner, or a steam cleaner. Its hardness makes it relatively easy to maintain.
- Sardonyx (Mohs 6.5-7): As a variety of chalcedony, Sardonyx has similar durability to Peridot. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. Its opaque nature means it is less likely to show internal flaws from cleaning, but the surface should be kept polished.
By following these simple guidelines, the vibrant colors and polished luster of these August gems can be preserved for generations.
Conclusion
The August birthstone collection of Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx offers a unique and compelling trio for those born in this summer month. Peridot stands out with its singular, brilliant green, a color born from the very heart of the Earth. Spinel dazzles with its surprising versatility, providing a spectrum of colors that includes some of the most coveted reds and blues in the gem world. Sardonyx offers a timeless, earthy elegance with its distinctive banding and ancient legacy of strength and protection. Together, they represent a complete palette of color, durability, and deep symbolic meaning. This variety ensures that every individual born in August can find a gem that not only matches their aesthetic preference but also resonates with their personal story, whether they are drawn to the prosperity of Peridot, the resilience of Spinel, or the courage of Sardonyx.