In the pantheon of gemstones, few possess the dramatic, almost theatrical quality of Alexandrite. A gem celebrated for its elusive beauty and transformative nature, Alexandrite holds a unique position as the primary birthstone for individuals born on June 17th. While the month of June is broadly associated with a trio of gemstones—pearl, moonstone, and Alexandrite—each day within the month carries its own specific tradition. For June 17th, the narrative centers on the remarkable color-changing phenomenon of Alexandrite, a stone whose discovery story is as captivating as its optical properties.
This article delves into the multifaceted world of Alexandrite, exploring its historical origins, geological formation, distinct gemological characteristics, and the rich symbolism it has accrued over centuries. As a gemstone that shifts from verdant green in daylight to a deep, ruby red under incandescent light, Alexandrite embodies the concept of duality, making it a profoundly meaningful stone for those born under its influence. We will examine the lore surrounding this rare gem, its journey from the Ural Mountains to the world’s finest jewelry collections, and the practical considerations for its care and appreciation.
A History Forged in Imperial Russia
The history of Alexandrite is inextricably linked to the Russian Empire and the 19th century. The gemstone was first discovered in the early 19th century in Russia’s Ural Mountains. Its discovery is attributed to the Finnish-born mineralogist Nils Gustaf von Bahr, who found the first specimens near the Tokovaya River in the Yekaterinburg region. The gem’s subsequent naming is a point of historical significance. It was named in honor of the future Czar Alexander II, whose birthday was on April 23rd. The stone’s most striking color change—from green to red—was particularly poignant, as green was the military color of the Russian Imperial Guard, and red was the color of the uniforms of the Russian military. This serendipitous alignment with imperial symbolism ensured the stone’s rapid ascent in popularity within the Russian aristocracy.
For decades, the Ural Mountains remained the primary source of high-quality Alexandrite, and stones from this locality are still considered the benchmark for the finest color change. However, the original Russian deposits became depleted, and for much of the 20th century, Alexandrite was considered one of the rarest and most valuable of all colored gemstones. Its scarcity and unique properties cemented its status as a gem of immense desirability, often compared to fine diamonds in terms of value per carat for top specimens.
While the pearl has been the traditional birthstone for June for centuries, the inclusion of Alexandrite and moonstone into the official list of June birthstones is a more modern development. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and the Jewelry Industry Council of America officially recognized these additions in 1952 and 2002, respectively, acknowledging the growing diversity and interest in gemstones beyond the traditional few. For those born on June 17th, Alexandrite offers a modern, vibrant alternative to the classic pearl, embodying a spirit of transformation and adaptability.
Geological Formation and Global Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Its formation requires a rare and specific set of geological conditions. Chrysoberyl is a beryllium aluminum oxide, and for the Alexandrite variety to form, trace amounts of chromium must substitute for aluminum in the crystal lattice. The presence of chromium is what imparts the green coloration. This combination of elements is geologically unusual, as beryllium and chromium are not typically found together in nature. The crystals form in metamorphic rocks, particularly in mica schists and pegmatites, where high temperatures and pressures facilitate the growth of these unique mineral assemblages.
The original Ural Mountains deposits were found in alluvial gravels, indicating that the host rock had eroded over time, releasing the durable chrysoberyl crystals into stream beds. While these Russian sources are now largely exhausted, significant deposits have been discovered elsewhere. In the 1970s, new sources of Alexandrite were found in Brazil, particularly in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. These Brazilian Alexandrites often exhibit a different color change, typically from bluish-green to a brownish-red or purple-red, and may have a different crystal habit than their Russian counterparts.
Other notable sources include Sri Lanka, which produces Alexandrite with a more subtle color change (often from bluish-green to a reddish-violet), and East Africa (Tanzania and Zimbabwe). The material from these newer localities has made Alexandrite more accessible to the gemstone market, though the finest specimens with a strong, distinct color change from green to red remain exceptionally rare and command premium prices. The scarcity of high-quality Alexandrite is a key factor in its enduring allure and value.
Gemological Properties: The Science of Color Change
The defining characteristic of Alexandrite is its pleochroism, specifically its strong color change, which is caused by the unique way it absorbs light. The chromium ions in its crystal structure absorb light in specific portions of the visible spectrum. Under natural daylight (which is rich in blue and green wavelengths), the stone appears a vivid green to bluish-green. Under incandescent light (which is rich in red and yellow wavelengths), the stone shifts to a purplish-red to red hue. This phenomenon is often described as “emerald by day, ruby by night,” a poetic but accurate summary of its visual magic.
Beyond its color change, Alexandrite possesses other important gemological properties. It is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, ranking an 8.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes it suitable for all types of jewelry, including rings and bracelets, as it is resistant to scratching and abrasion. Its crystal system is orthorhombic, and it has a specific gravity that typically ranges from 3.70 to 3.78. The refractive index of Alexandrite is also high, contributing to its brilliance and liveliness when properly cut.
The clarity of Alexandrite can vary. While some specimens are eye-clean, many contain inclusions that are characteristic of the mineral. These inclusions, such as needle-like crystals, fingerprint-like patterns, or growth zones, can sometimes help gemologists identify the stone’s origin. The size of Alexandrite crystals is generally small, which is why faceted stones over one carat are considered rare and valuable. For those born on June 17th, wearing a piece of Alexandrite jewelry is not just a matter of style but an appreciation of a rare natural phenomenon captured in a durable, beautiful form.
Summary of Key Gemological Properties
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Chrysoberyl |
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.70 - 3.78 |
| Refractive Index | 1.746 - 1.755 |
| Pleochroism | Strong color change: green to red |
| Typical Sources | Russia (historical), Brazil, Sri Lanka, East Africa |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism of Alexandrite is deeply intertwined with its most prominent physical property: color change. This duality has led to a rich tapestry of metaphysical beliefs and cultural associations. Historically and in modern crystal healing practices, Alexandrite is often referred to as a stone of “good omens,” joy, and transformation. Its ability to shift colors is seen as a reflection of life’s constant flux and the wearer’s ability to adapt and thrive through change.
For individuals born on June 17th, the Alexandrite is said to embody their multifaceted nature. The gem is associated with attributes such as creativity, intuition, and adaptability. Much like the stone’s own transformation, those under its influence are believed to navigate life’s transitions with grace and poise. Furthermore, Alexandrite is believed to possess protective qualities, serving as a talisman against negative energies and promoting harmony and balance within one’s life.
The stone’s connection to the sign of Gemini, which rules the period from late May to late June, further enhances its symbolic meaning. Gemini is an air sign characterized by duality, communication, and intellect. Alexandrite’s color change perfectly mirrors this dual nature, representing the two sides of the Gemini personality. In this context, wearing Alexandrite is thought to stimulate creativity, boost intuition, and encourage personal growth, making it a powerful stone for self-discovery and expression.
In Russian folklore, the stone was considered a bringer of good fortune and was highly prized by the aristocracy. Its association with the imperial family added a layer of prestige and power to its symbolism. Today, these beliefs persist, with many considering Alexandrite a powerful tool for meditation and spiritual development, believed to connect the wearer to higher states of consciousness and inner wisdom.
Care and Cleaning of Alexandrite Jewelry
Given its excellent hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale, Alexandrite is a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. However, like all fine jewelry, it requires proper care to maintain its beauty and structural integrity. The first rule of gemstone care is to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, which can damage the stone’s surface or alter its color. This includes household cleaners, chlorine (found in swimming pools and hot tubs), and even some cosmetics and hairsprays. It is advisable to put on Alexandrite jewelry after applying these products.
Cleaning Alexandrite is straightforward due to its durability and lack of cleavage (a tendency to break along flat planes). The safest method is to use warm water, a mild dish soap, and a soft brush, such as a toothbrush with soft bristles. Gently scrub the stone and its setting to remove any accumulated dirt or oils. Rinse thoroughly with clean water and pat dry with a soft, lint-free cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as the vibrations and intense heat can potentially cause damage, especially if the stone has been treated or if there are any existing fractures. While Alexandrite is generally stable, it is always best to consult with a professional jeweler before using any intensive cleaning method.
For storage, keep Alexandrite jewelry in a soft cloth or a separate compartment in a jewelry box to prevent it from being scratched by harder gemstones like diamonds or sapphires. With proper care, an Alexandrite piece can remain a stunning and meaningful heirloom for generations, continuing to showcase its magical color change for all who behold it.
Conclusion
Alexandrite stands as a testament to nature’s artistry and the profound connection between a gemstone and the month it represents. For those born on June 17th, it is more than a birthstone; it is a symbol of transformation, adaptability, and the duality inherent in the human experience. From its imperial Russian origins to its modern discovery in Brazil and beyond, Alexandrite has maintained its status as one of the world’s most coveted and enigmatic gemstones.
Its remarkable color change, coupled with its durability and rich symbolism, makes it a compelling choice for both jewelry enthusiasts and students of gemology. While the month of June offers a diverse palette of gems—pearl, moonstone, and Alexandrite—each with its own unique story—the narrative for June 17th is uniquely written in the shifting hues of this extraordinary chrysoberyl. In appreciating Alexandrite, one appreciates a rare convergence of geological fortune, optical wonder, and cultural history, all captured within a single, captivating stone.