March is unique among the months, possessing not one, but two recognized birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. While aquamarine is considered the primary modern birthstone for March, bloodstone retains its place as a traditional alternative, offering those born in this month a choice reflecting diverse aesthetics and symbolic meanings. Both gemstones carry rich histories and distinct geological origins, making March a particularly fascinating month for gemstone enthusiasts. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these two captivating birthstones.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, evolving from ancient traditions to modern practices. Initially, each month was assigned a single birthstone, a system formalized in the first century by the Roman historian Josephus, based on the twelve stones believed to adorn Aaron’s breastplate in the Bible. Over time, particularly in the 20th century, the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) expanded the list, adding options to accommodate varying preferences and availability. This led to the inclusion of secondary birthstones, such as bloodstone for March.
Aquamarine boasts a long and storied past, its name derived from the Latin “aqua marina,” meaning “water of the sea.” Ancient mariners held this gem in high regard, believing it possessed the power to calm waves and ensure safe passage. It was also thought to bring happiness in marriage and offer protection in battle and legal disputes, fostering amiability and sharpening intellect. The gem was valued not only for its beauty but also for its perceived protective qualities. A notable example of its historical significance is the large 1,298-carat aquamarine presented to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt by the Brazilian government in 1936.
Bloodstone, while less prominently featured in ancient lore compared to aquamarine, also carries a significant history. Its name originates from the appearance of red spots within the dark green stone, resembling drops of blood. These spots were historically attributed to the blood of Christ, leading to its association with sacrifice, courage, and vitality.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine belongs to the beryl family, a group of minerals that also includes emerald and morganite. It forms in pegmatite veins, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks formed during the final stages of magma crystallization. The presence of trace elements, particularly iron, gives aquamarine its characteristic blue to blue-green hues. The most prized aquamarines exhibit a deep, intense blue color.
Brazil is currently the leading producer of aquamarine, with significant deposits also found in Pakistan, Madagascar, Nigeria, Mozambique, and even the United States (Colorado). The largest aquamarine crystal ever discovered, weighing an impressive 243 pounds, was unearthed in Brazil in 1910.
Bloodstone, on the other hand, is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. Its distinctive red spots are caused by iron oxide inclusions. Bloodstone typically forms in volcanic rocks and is found in various locations worldwide, though specific sourcing details are less comprehensively documented in the available sources.
Gemological Properties
Both aquamarine and bloodstone possess unique gemological properties that contribute to their appeal and distinguish them as birthstones.
Aquamarine:
- Chemical Formula: Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈
- Color: Light to medium blue, sometimes greenish-blue.
- Clarity: Typically exhibits excellent clarity, often being free from visible inclusions.
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7.5 – 8
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like)
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
Aquamarine’s clarity and vitreous luster contribute to its brilliance and sparkle when faceted. The best specimens are transparent, with a medium to deep blue color and minimal inclusions.
Bloodstone:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Chalcedony) with iron oxide inclusions
- Color: Dark green with red spots.
- Clarity: Opaque to translucent.
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 6.5 – 7
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Crystal System: Trigonal
Bloodstone is typically cut as a cabochon to best display its unique pattern of red spots against the green background. Its opaque nature prevents it from being faceted to achieve brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both aquamarine and bloodstone have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Aquamarine is widely associated with the sea, embodying qualities such as courage, honesty, and loyalty. Ancient sailors believed it offered protection during voyages, while modern interpretations emphasize its ability to promote emotional balance and serenity. It is also traditionally given as a gift on the 19th wedding anniversary.
Bloodstone, with its evocative name and appearance, has long been linked to themes of sacrifice, strength, and vitality. The “blood” within the stone was believed to possess healing properties, enhancing physical endurance and promoting overall well-being. It was also considered a stone of courage, empowering individuals to overcome challenges.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of aquamarine and bloodstone requires different approaches due to their distinct properties.
Aquamarine, with its relatively high hardness, is durable enough for everyday wear. It can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone.
Bloodstone, being somewhat softer and more porous, requires gentler care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid prolonged exposure to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can dull its luster and potentially damage the surface.
Conclusion
Aquamarine and bloodstone, the dual birthstones of March, represent a compelling combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Aquamarine, with its serene blue hues and association with the sea, embodies courage, honesty, and tranquility. Bloodstone, with its striking green and red coloration, symbolizes strength, vitality, and sacrifice. Together, they offer those born in March a choice of gemstones that resonate with diverse personalities and preferences, continuing a tradition that spans centuries. The enduring appeal of these gems lies not only in their aesthetic qualities but also in the rich tapestry of lore and meaning woven into their history.