The calendar of birthstones offers a unique window into the geological diversity, historical narratives, and cultural symbolism embedded within the Earth's treasures. While many months are anchored by a single gemstone, December stands apart with a modern quartet of blue-hued stones: blue topaz, tanzanite, blue zircon, and turquoise, with lapis lazuli also serving as a traditional option. March, in contrast, is elegantly represented by the serene aquamarine. This article provides a comprehensive examination of these gemstones, detailing their formation, properties, historical journeys, and the practical considerations for their care and appreciation. By exploring the distinct characteristics of aquamarine alongside the December birthstones, we illuminate the rich tapestry of choices available to those born in these months.
History and Lore
The historical narratives surrounding these gemstones span millennia, from ancient maritime traditions to modern discoveries that reshaped the gem trade.
Aquamarine: The Sailor's Stone The March birthstone, aquamarine, derives its name from the Latin words aqua (water) and marinus (of the sea), a direct reference to its captivating blue-green hues reminiscent of ocean waters. Its lore is deeply entwined with seafaring cultures. Ancient mariners believed aquamarine possessed the power to protect them from drowning and to calm stormy seas, often carrying it as an amulet on perilous voyages. This protective association extended beyond the ocean; in medieval Europe, aquamarine was thought to bring good fortune and guard against poisoning. Its long history of use as a gemstone of choice for jewelry and talismans underscores its enduring appeal.
December's Modern Quartet: A Blend of Old and New The December birthstone list is a fascinating amalgamation of ancient tradition and modern gemological discovery. * Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli: These are the traditional birthstones for December. Turquoise has been prized for thousands of years across cultures, from ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, valued for its distinctive sky-blue to greenish color. Lapis lazuli, with its deep celestial blue, has been used since antiquity for jewelry, ornaments, and even ground into ultramarine pigment for art. Their status as traditional stones speaks to their long-standing cultural significance. * Blue Zircon: This gem has been used in jewelry for centuries, but its formal inclusion as a modern December birthstone is a more recent development. It has been admired for its brilliance and color, though its modern birthstone status solidified over time. * Blue Topaz: A popular and widely available gemstone, blue topaz was incorporated into the modern December birthstone list, offering a vibrant and accessible blue option for jewelry enthusiasts. * Tanzanite: Representing the newest addition to the December family, tanzanite was discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania. Its rapid rise to prominence was fueled by its intense blue-to-violet color, which exhibits a unique pleochroic effect (showing different colors from different angles). Its association with the birthstone tradition is a testament to how modern gem discoveries can quickly become part of established lore.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding how these gemstones form deep within the Earth and where they are mined provides crucial insight into their value and availability.
Aquamarine: A Beryl Family Member Aquamarine is a member of the beryl mineral family, which also includes emerald and morganite. It forms in pegmatites—coarse-grained igneous rocks that develop in the final stages of magma crystallization. The presence of iron within the beryl crystal structure is responsible for its characteristic blue to blue-green color. Major sources for gem-quality aquamarine include Brazil, which is a leading producer, as well as Nigeria, Madagascar, and Pakistan. The gem is often found in large, well-formed crystals, making it suitable for significant faceted pieces.
December Stones: Diverse Origins The December birthstones originate from a variety of geological environments and locations around the globe. * Turquoise: This is a secondary mineral that forms when acidic, copper-rich water percolates through pre-existing rocks containing aluminum and phosphorus. It is typically found in arid regions. The United States (particularly Arizona and New Mexico) is a famous source, along with Iran, Egypt, and China. * Lapis Lazuli: This rock is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of the mineral lazurite, along with calcite and pyrite. The most prized lapis lazuli comes from Afghanistan, with other sources including Chile and Russia. * Blue Zircon: Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in many locations, including Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Australia. The blue color in gem-quality blue zircon is typically achieved through heat treatment of brownish zircon crystals. * Blue Topaz: Topaz is a fluorine aluminum silicate mineral that crystallizes in igneous rocks, particularly in pegmatites and rhyolites. While natural blue topaz exists, much of the vibrant blue topaz on the market is produced by irradiating and heat-treating colorless or pale yellow topaz, often sourced from Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. * Tanzanite: This gemstone is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is found in only one location in the world: the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. Its exclusive origin contributes significantly to its value and allure. Tanzanite forms through the metamorphism of limestone, a process that introduced the necessary vanadium and chromium to create its unique color.
Gemological Properties
The physical and chemical characteristics of a gemstone determine its durability, appearance, and care requirements. The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of the March and December birthstones based on the available information.
| Gemstone | Mineral Family | Chemical Formula (Approx.) | Color | Typical Mohs Hardness | Key Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquamarine | Beryl | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ | Blue to blue-green | 7.5 - 8 | Durable, suitable for daily wear. Can be cleaned with ultrasonic cleaners. |
| Turquoise | Phosphate | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Sky blue to greenish | 5 - 6 | Relatively soft and porous. Susceptible to damage from chemicals and abrasives. |
| Lapis Lazuli | Rock (Lazurite) | (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(S,SO₄,Cl)₂(OH)₂ | Deep celestial blue | 5 - 5.5 | A rock, not a single mineral. Soft and can be scratched easily. |
| Blue Zircon | Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Bright, clear blue | 6.5 - 7.5 | High refractive index gives it strong brilliance. Can be brittle. |
| Blue Topaz | Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Various shades of blue | 8 | Very hard and durable. Often treated to achieve its blue color. |
| Tanzanite | Zoisite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Blue-to-violet | 6 - 6.5 | Pleochroic (shows different colors from different angles). Relatively fragile. |
Color, Clarity, and Cut * Aquamarine is prized for its clear, transparent blue color. High-quality stones have minimal inclusions, and they are often cut into large, brilliant faceted shapes to maximize their color and brilliance. * Turquoise is valued for its unique, often matrix-included (webbed) appearance. Color consistency is a key factor in its value, with even, vibrant blue being most desirable. * Lapis Lazuli is assessed based on the intensity of its blue color and the presence of golden pyrite flecks, which are considered a desirable characteristic. * Blue Zircon is celebrated for its exceptional brilliance and fire, which rival that of diamonds. A well-cut blue zircon can be exceptionally sparkly. * Blue Topaz ranges from pale sky blue to deep Swiss blue. The depth of color can affect its value, with more saturated blues typically being more prized. * Tanzanite is known for its rich, saturated violet-blue color. The most valuable stones display a strong blue hue with flashes of violet, especially in larger sizes.
Durability and Care The hardness and structural integrity of these stones dictate how they should be worn and maintained. * Aquamarine (Hardness 7.5-8): As a relatively hard and durable stone, aquamarine is well-suited for rings, earrings, and pendants intended for daily wear. It can be cleaned with mild soap and warm water and is safe for ultrasonic cleaners. However, it should be stored separately to prevent scratching other gems. * Turquoise (Hardness 5-6): Due to its lower hardness and porous nature, turquoise is more delicate. It should be cleaned only with mild soap and warm water, avoiding harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam. It is prone to damage from abrasives and should be stored carefully. * Lapis Lazuli (Hardness 5-5.5): As a soft rock, lapis lazuli requires gentle handling. Cleaning with mild soap and water is recommended, and it should be protected from hard impacts and scratches. * Blue Zircon (Hardness 6.5-7.5): While reasonably hard, zircon can be brittle and prone to chipping. It is not recommended for daily-wear rings if set in a way that exposes the stone to impacts. Care should be taken to avoid sharp blows. * Blue Topaz (Hardness 8): This is one of the hardest and most durable of the December stones, making it an excellent choice for engagement rings and other frequently worn jewelry. It can be cleaned with standard methods, including ultrasonic cleaners. * Tanzanite (Hardness 6-6.5): Tanzanite is relatively fragile and should be handled with care. It is not recommended for rings that will see daily wear and tear. Ultrasonic or steam cleaning should be avoided, as it can cause damage. It should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their physical beauty, these gemstones are rich in symbolic meaning and metaphysical lore, which has evolved over centuries.
- Aquamarine: Its connection to the sea extends to symbolism of tranquility, courage, and emotional balance. It is often associated with calming fears and reducing stress, making it a popular stone for meditation and emotional healing.
- Turquoise: Universally regarded as a stone of protection, turquoise is believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. It is also associated with wisdom, tranquility, and balance. In many cultures, it is considered a sacred stone.
- Lapis Lazuli: This deep blue stone has long been linked to royalty, truth, and wisdom. It was used in ancient times for jewelry and ceremonial objects and is thought to enhance intellectual ability and stimulate enlightenment.
- Blue Zircon: Associated with clarity, wisdom, and a sense of balance, blue zircon is believed to promote self-confidence and clear thinking. Its brilliance is often linked to inner light and spiritual growth.
- Blue Topaz: This stone is often associated with communication, truth, and clarity of thought. It is believed to help in expressing oneself clearly and calmly, making it a stone for public speakers and communicators.
- Tanzanite: As a relatively new gem, its metaphysical attributes are modern. It is often called the "stone of transformation," believed to facilitate spiritual awakening, higher consciousness, and the manifestation of one's goals. Its unique color is associated with intuition and perception.
Care and Cleaning
Proper maintenance is essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of any gemstone jewelry. The care instructions are directly tied to the gem's physical properties.
- Aquamarine: Due to its durability, aquamarine jewelry can be cleaned with a soft brush, mild soap, and warm water. It is also safe for ultrasonic cleaners. To prevent scratches, it should be stored in a separate compartment of a jewelry box.
- Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli: Both of these softer, porous stones require gentle care. Clean them with a soft, damp cloth and mild soap. Avoid all chemicals, including household cleaners, cosmetics, and even some perfumes, which can damage the stone's surface and color. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended. Store them separately to avoid scratches from harder stones.
- Blue Zircon: While brilliant, blue zircon can be brittle. Clean it with a soft brush and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and sudden temperature changes, which can cause fractures. It is best stored in a padded jewelry box, away from other stones.
- Blue Topaz: As a hard and durable stone, blue topaz can be cleaned with standard methods, including ultrasonic cleaners. However, it is always wise to ensure the jewelry setting is secure before using any mechanical cleaning method.
- Tanzanite: This gem requires the most careful handling. Clean it only with a soft brush, mild soap, and lukewarm water. Never use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as the vibrations and heat can cause internal fractures or damage the stone. Store tanzanite jewelry in a soft pouch or a separate compartment to protect it from scratches.
Conclusion
The birthstones of December and March offer a remarkable study in contrast and diversity. March is defined by the singular, sea-inspired elegance of aquamarine, a durable and historically rich gemstone. December, however, presents a palette of blue options, each with its own story: the traditional protection of turquoise and lapis lazuli, the ancient brilliance of blue zircon, the accessible vibrancy of blue topaz, and the modern, transformative allure of tanzanite. Together, these stones illustrate the breadth of the Earth's mineralogical wonders, from ancient formations to recent discoveries. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, historical lore, and care requirements allows enthusiasts, collectors, and jewelry buyers to make informed and appreciative choices. Whether drawn to the serene depths of aquamarine or the varied blues of December's offerings, each gemstone carries a legacy of beauty, meaning, and natural artistry.