December 19th holds a unique position in the gemological calendar, distinguished by its association with three distinct and celebrated birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. Unlike most months, which are typically linked to a single gem, December offers a trio of stones, each with its own compelling history, geological origin, and symbolic resonance. This abundance of choice reflects the month's wintry cool tones and the desire for personalization in modern jewelry. For those born on this date, the selection is not merely a matter of preference but an engagement with a rich tapestry of cultural heritage, scientific wonder, and metaphysical belief. This article delves into the origins, properties, and significance of these three gemstones, providing a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts, collectors, and anyone captivated by the allure of December's birthstones.
The Evolution of December's Birthstones
The concept of birthstones is ancient, with roots often traced to the Biblical Book of Exodus, which describes a breastplate adorned with twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. However, these early lists did not assign specific stones to months or individuals. The modern system of birthstones, as we know it, began to crystallize in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1870, Tiffany & Co. published an influential American birthstone list, which notably included turquoise as the stone for December. This marked a significant step in formalizing birthstones for commercial and cultural purposes.
The evolution continued with the National Association of Jewellers (now the American Gem Trade Association) in 1912, which expanded the December list to include lapis lazuli as an alternative to turquoise. The list saw further modifications over the decades. In 1952, zircon was officially added, and in a more recent update in 2002, tanzanite was introduced as the third modern December birthstone. This progression from a single stone to a trio—turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—demonstrates an evolving desire to offer a wider array of choices in color, price, and personal meaning. The inclusion of multiple stones for December is particularly fitting for those born on December 19th, as it allows for a selection that can reflect individual personality and aesthetic preference while still honoring the month's gemological tradition.
Tanzanite: A Modern Marvel from Tanzania
Origin and Discovery
Tanzanite is the youngest of the modern birthstones, a gemstone of recent discovery that has rapidly ascended to prominence. It was first found in 1967 near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Initially discovered as a violet-colored rock, its potential was quickly recognized. The gem was identified as a variety of the mineral zoisite, and it was understood that a controlled heat treatment could transform its color to the characteristic and highly prized blue to violet hues. This process mimics the natural geological conditions that would have altered the stone over millennia, but accelerates it to meet market demand. The gem's exclusive source in a single location in Tanzania has contributed to its rarity and allure.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite belongs to the zoisite mineral group. While the sources do not specify its exact chemical composition, hardness, or refractive index, its value and appearance are well-documented. Its most defining characteristic is its pleochroism, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different crystal directions. Typically, it shows a violet-blue hue along one axis and a burgundy-red or purple along another. The most valuable tanzanite exhibits a deep, saturated blue-violet color, often described as a "vivid blue" or "violet-blue." The stone is typically heat-treated to enhance its color, a standard and accepted practice in the gem trade. Due to its relative softness compared to other blue gems like sapphire, tanzanite requires careful handling and setting to prevent damage.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Tanzanite carries a modern, yet profound, symbolic meaning. It is often associated with transformation, spiritual growth, and new beginnings. Its discovery in the 20th century aligns with its representation of contemporary consciousness and emotional balance. For those born on December 19th, wearing tanzanite is believed to foster intuition, creativity, and a sense of calm. It is considered a stone of communication, helping to bridge the gap between the heart and the mind. Its striking color and rarity make it a popular choice for engagement rings and statement jewelry, symbolizing a unique and powerful bond.
Turquoise: An Ancient Stone of Protection
Historical and Cultural Lore
Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, with a history that spans millennia and continents. It has been revered by ancient Egyptian, Persian, Chinese, and Native American cultures. The stone derives its name from the French "pierre tourques," meaning "Turkish stone," as it was brought to Europe from Persia via Turkey. Its most significant historical use was as a talisman and amulet. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise for protection and power, while Native American tribes, particularly the Navajo, Zuni, and Pueblo, have a deep spiritual connection to the stone, considering it a piece of the sky fallen to earth. It is a sacred stone in many cultures, symbolizing friendship, protection, and good fortune. Its use in the 1870 Tiffany & Co. birthstone list solidified its place in Western gemological tradition.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral, specifically a hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate. Its blue and greenish-blue colors come from copper (blue) and iron (green) impurities. The stone forms in arid regions where acidic, copper-rich groundwater seeps through rocks containing aluminum and phosphorus, depositing turquoise in veins and nodules. Major sources mentioned in the sources include Iran (historically the most prized), the United States (particularly Arizona and New Mexico), Tibet, and India. Each region produces turquoise with distinct characteristics, such as color, matrix (the host rock within the stone), and hardness.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratches and chemicals. It is typically opaque, though some high-quality specimens can be translucent. Its color ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with a distinctive brown or black matrix. The stone is porous and can be treated with wax or resin to enhance its durability and luster. It is not sensitive to light, but prolonged exposure to heat, chemicals (like perfumes, lotions, and acids), and perspiration can cause discoloration and damage. Proper care is essential to maintain its beauty.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its historical protective qualities, turquoise is associated with wisdom, harmony, and positive energy. It is believed to promote emotional balance, calm the mind, and attract good luck. In modern metaphysical practices, it is used for grounding and purification. For a December 19th birth, turquoise offers a connection to ancient traditions and a sense of stability. Its soothing blue-green color evokes tranquility and peace, making it a meaningful stone for daily wear.
Zircon: The Brilliant Fire of Ancient Origins
Historical Significance and Misconceptions
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some specimens dating back billions of years. Its name is derived from the Persian word "zargun," meaning "gold-colored," which refers to the brownish hues of many zircon crystals. Historically, zircon was often confused with other gemstones, most notably cubic zirconia (CZ), a synthetic material invented in the 1970s. This confusion has sometimes unfairly diminished zircon's reputation. However, natural zircon is a distinct and valuable gemstone with properties that rival even diamond in brilliance. It has been used in jewelry for centuries, with examples found in ancient Rome and medieval Europe.
Geological Formation and Sources
Zircon is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄) and forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is a common mineral found in many parts of the world, making it more widely available than tanzanite. While specific source countries are not listed in the provided chunks, zircon is mined globally, with significant deposits in Australia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the United States. Its durability and resistance to heat and light make it a resilient gemstone.
Gemological Properties
Zircon is renowned for its exceptional brilliance and fire (dispersion), which is higher than that of diamond. It has a high refractive index, contributing to its sparkle. On the Mohs scale, its hardness is around 6.5 to 7.5, making it relatively durable for jewelry, though it can be brittle due to its cleavage. The most prized color for gem-quality zircon is a bright, clear blue, often achieved through heat treatment of brown or yellow crystals. Other colors include red, green, yellow, and brown. The sources note that zircon is generally not sensitive to light or heat, making it a forgiving gemstone in terms of care and maintenance. However, it should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratches.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Zircon is associated with clarity, wisdom, and a sense of balance. It is believed to stimulate intuition, promote creativity, and motivate the wearer. In some traditions, it is considered a stone of prosperity and honor. Its brilliant fire is said to illuminate the path to self-discovery and spiritual growth. For those born on December 19th, zircon offers a connection to ancient Earth energy and a symbol of enduring clarity and focus.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care is essential to preserve the beauty and longevity of these three distinct gemstones, each with its own set of vulnerabilities.
- Turquoise: As a soft and porous stone, turquoise is the most delicate of the three. It should be cleaned only with warm water, mild soap, and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, and chemical solvents. It should be protected from prolonged exposure to sunlight, heat, and cosmetics. Storing it in a soft pouch away from other jewelry is recommended.
- Tanzanite: With a hardness of around 6.5 to 7, tanzanite is more durable than turquoise but still requires caution. It is best cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid sudden temperature changes and harsh chemicals. Given its relative softness, it is advisable to set tanzanite in protective settings like bezels for rings worn daily.
- Zircon: Zircon is the most durable of the trio, with a hardness up to 7.5. It can be cleaned with warm water, mild detergent, and a soft brush. It is generally stable and not sensitive to light or heat. However, its cleavage means it can be brittle, so it should be handled with care to avoid sharp blows. Storing it separately from harder stones will prevent scratches.
Conclusion
The birthstones for December 19th—tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon—form a remarkable triad that spans the spectrum of gemological history, from ancient talismans to modern marvels. Turquoise offers a connection to millennia of human culture and spiritual protection. Zircon provides the timeless brilliance of an ancient mineral, with its fiery sparkle and association with wisdom. Tanzanite, the newest addition, represents modern discovery and transformation with its unique color and exclusive origin. Together, they provide a comprehensive palette of blue and violet hues, each with distinct physical properties, symbolic meanings, and care requirements. For the individual born on December 19th, this trio allows for a deeply personal choice, whether drawn to the protective heritage of turquoise, the clarifying fire of zircon, or the transformative beauty of tanzanite. Each stone is a testament to the Earth's creative power and a meaningful adornment that carries both personal and historical significance.
Sources
- Birthstones Guru: Tanzanite, Turquoise and Zircon – The December 19th Birthstones and Their Significance
- GemSelect: Gemstones By Birthdate - December 19th
- Bluestone Blog: December Birthstone Guide: Meaning, Colours, Zodiac Signs & Alternatives
- Gabriel & Co. Blog: What is December's Birthstone?
- Birthstone Guide: December Birthstones