December is unique in the modern birthstone calendar, offering not one, but three distinct gemstones for those born in the final month of the year: Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise. Each stone carries its own captivating hue, geological story, and cultural significance, creating a rich tapestry of choice for jewelry enthusiasts. When set in the enduring warmth of gold, these gemstones transform into powerful symbols of personal expression, from the serene clarity of Blue Topaz to the transformative energy of Tanzanite and the ancient protective qualities of Turquoise. This article delves into the properties, history, and craftsmanship behind these celebrated December birthstones, providing a comprehensive guide for gemstone lovers, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
The modern birthstone list, standardized in the 20th century, was designed to provide a diverse and accessible range of gems for each month. For December, the inclusion of three options reflects the gemological and commercial landscape, offering a spectrum of colors and price points. Blue Topaz, with its vast color range from pale sky blue to deep Swiss blue, is known for its exceptional clarity and affordability. Tanzanite, a relative newcomer to the gem world, is prized for its unique violet-blue hue and rarity. Turquoise, one of the oldest gems in human history, is celebrated for its distinctive matrix patterns and storied past. Together, they form a compelling triad, each bringing a unique character to December birthstone jewelry, particularly when crafted into rings set in solid gold—a combination that signifies both beauty and lasting value.
History and Lore
The historical narratives of the December birthstones are as varied as their colors. Turquoise stands out for its ancient lineage, having been used in jewelry for millennia. It is one of the oldest gemstones known to humanity, with a legacy that spans continents and cultures. Its symbolism is deeply rooted in themes of protection and good fortune, beliefs that have persisted from ancient civilizations to the present day. The stone’s enduring popularity is a testament to its powerful cultural resonance.
In contrast, Tanzanite’s history is remarkably modern. This rare violet-blue gemstone was discovered only in the late 20th century, making it a fresh addition to the gemological world. Its discovery was a geological event that quickly captured the imagination of the public and the jewelry trade. Tanzanite is associated with spiritual growth and transformation, a modern metaphysical belief that aligns with its recent and dynamic origin story. Its scarcity, with sources limited to a single geographic location, adds to its allure and symbolic power.
Blue Topaz occupies a middle ground in this historical timeline. While topaz as a mineral species has been known since antiquity, the vivid blue varieties that are popular today are largely a product of modern gemology. The stone is linked to communication, wisdom, and serenity. Its calming blue color has long been associated with clear thought and peaceful expression, making it a meaningful choice for those who value clarity and harmony.
The journey of these gems to their status as official December birthstones is part of a broader historical movement. The standardization of birthstones in the early 20th century aimed to make gemstones more accessible and to create a clear, commercial guide for consumers. For December, the list evolved to include these three distinct stones, providing a range of options that cater to different tastes and budgets. The inclusion of both ancient (Turquoise) and modern (Tanzanite) gems in the same month highlights the dynamic nature of gemstone lore, which continues to grow and adapt.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gems provides insight into their unique characteristics and relative values. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions where acidic, copper-rich groundwater percolates through rocks containing aluminum and phosphorus. This process can take millions of years, resulting in opaque to semi-opaque veins and nodules. The gem’s signature blue and green colors come from copper, while the presence of iron often creates greenish hues. The matrix—the host rock embedded in the turquoise—adds to its distinctive patterning. Major historical sources include Persia (modern-day Iran), the Southwestern United States, and Egypt, though modern commercial production is concentrated in specific regions.
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is notable for being a single-source gemstone. It is found exclusively in a small, four-square-kilometer area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, East Africa. This geographic limitation makes it over a thousand times rarer than diamond. The formation of tanzanite is linked to a unique geological event—the tectonic shifting of the East African Rift—which subjected zoisite to intense heat and pressure, transforming its color. The resulting violet-blue to purplish hue is caused by trace amounts of vanadium. Its rarity is a fundamental aspect of its market value and symbolic meaning.
Blue Topaz is a silicate mineral with a chemical composition of Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. While topaz occurs in various colors naturally, the intense, even blue hues seen in jewelry are typically the result of irradiation and heat treatment of colorless or pale yellow topaz. This process is stable and permanent, making treated blue topaz a durable and affordable gemstone. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare; the vast majority of commercial blue topaz on the market is treated. Major sources of the base material include Brazil, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka, with the treatment often performed in the United States and other gemological centers.
Gemological Properties
The physical and optical properties of a gemstone determine its durability, appearance, and suitability for jewelry. The following table summarizes key gemological data for the three December birthstones, based on their typical characteristics in the jewelry market.
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Mohs Hardness | Crystal System | Typical Treatments | Common Colors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | 8 | Orthorhombic | Irradiation, Heat | Sky Blue, Swiss Blue, London Blue |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6.5 - 7 | Orthorhombic | Heat (to enhance color) | Violet-Blue, Purplish Blue |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5 - 6 | Triclinic (massive) | Stabilization, Dyeing | Blue, Blue-Green, Green |
Blue Topaz is renowned for its excellent hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it highly resistant to scratching and suitable for everyday wear, including in rings. It is typically transparent with excellent clarity, though it can contain minor inclusions. The color is the defining feature, with trade names like "Swiss Blue" (a lighter, bright blue) and "London Blue" (a deeper, saturated blue) indicating the intensity of the treatment. Its high refractive index contributes to its brilliance when well-cut.
Tanzanite has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, which is moderately durable but requires more care than topaz. It is important to protect tanzanite jewelry from sharp blows and extreme temperature changes to prevent cracking. Its most striking property is its strong trichroism, meaning it can display three different colors—blue, violet, and burgundy—depending on the crystal orientation. This makes the cut of the stone critical to showcasing its best color. Heat treatment is standard and accepted in the trade to transform the naturally brownish zoisite into the coveted blue-violet tanzanite.
Turquoise is the softest of the three, with a hardness of 5 to 6. It is often opaque to semi-translucent and is almost always found in massive form rather than as well-defined crystals. Its porosity makes it susceptible to absorbing oils, chemicals, and moisture, which can alter its color over time. To enhance durability and color stability, most turquoise used in jewelry is stabilized—a process where the stone is impregnated with a clear resin or wax. This treatment is common and accepted, as it allows the gem to be used in rings and bracelets without significant degradation. The presence of matrix (the host rock) is a natural characteristic and does not indicate a lower quality stone; rather, it adds to the gem's unique patterning.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic meanings attributed to the December birthstones are deeply intertwined with their colors, histories, and perceived energies. These beliefs, while not scientifically verified, are an important part of the cultural significance of gemstones and are frequently cited in jewelry marketing and lore.
Blue Topaz is traditionally associated with communication, wisdom, and serenity. Its clear, calming blue color is believed to promote honest expression and clear thinking. In metaphysical practices, it is often linked to the throat chakra, which governs communication. Wearing Blue Topaz is thought to help one articulate thoughts and feelings with clarity and calm, making it a popular choice for public speakers, writers, and anyone seeking to enhance their communicative abilities. Its serene energy is also believed to reduce stress and foster a peaceful state of mind.
Tanzanite, as a modern discovery, has quickly developed a rich metaphysical profile. It is known as a stone of spiritual growth and transformation. Its unique violet-blue color is associated with the higher chakras, particularly the third eye and crown chakras, which are linked to intuition, spiritual awareness, and enlightenment. Practitioners believe that Tanzanite can facilitate a connection to one's higher self and aid in spiritual awakening. Its transformative energy is thought to help individuals navigate change and embrace personal growth, making it a powerful stone for those undergoing significant life transitions.
Turquoise carries perhaps the most extensive and ancient symbolism of the three. It is universally recognized as a stone of protection and good fortune. Across cultures, from ancient Egypt to Native American tribes of the Southwest, Turquoise has been worn as an amulet to ward off negative energy, bring safety during travel, and attract prosperity. Its connection to the sky and water elements reinforces its symbolism of peace, tranquility, and emotional balance. It is also believed to promote healing, both physical and emotional, and to foster a sense of inner calm and stability. The matrix within the stone is often seen as a map of one's life journey, adding a layer of personal symbolism.
Together, these three stones offer a spectrum of symbolic meanings, from the communicative clarity of Blue Topaz to the spiritual depth of Tanzanite and the protective fortitude of Turquoise. This variety allows individuals to choose a December birthstone that resonates with their personal intentions and life path.
Craftsmanship and Jewelry Considerations
The selection of a December birthstone ring involves considerations beyond the gemstone itself, encompassing craftsmanship, metal choice, and design. The provided sources highlight a focus on quality materials and artisanal skill, particularly in the context of gold jewelry.
Metal Choice: The Significance of Solid Gold Gold is the preferred metal for fine gemstone jewelry due to its beauty, malleability, and resistance to tarnish. The sources specify the use of 100% solid 14k and 18k gold, emphasizing that the rings are never plated or filled. This distinction is crucial for longevity and value. - 14k Gold contains 58.3% pure gold, alloyed with other metals for strength and durability. It is an excellent choice for rings that will be worn daily, offering a good balance of purity and resilience. - 18k Gold contains 75% pure gold, resulting in a richer, deeper color and higher value. It is slightly softer than 14k but remains durable for fine jewelry. Its higher gold content makes it hypoallergenic and safe for sensitive skin. The choice of gold tone—yellow, white, or rose—allows for further personalization to complement individual skin tones and style preferences.
Gemstone Setting and Design The setting must be chosen to both secure the gem and enhance its beauty. For the December stones: - Blue Topaz, with its excellent hardness, can be set in a variety of styles, from delicate prong settings that maximize light exposure to bezel settings that offer more protection. - Tanzanite, requiring more care due to its moderate hardness, often benefits from protective settings like bezels or halo designs that shield the stone from impact. Its strong color is best showcased in simple, clean settings that allow the violet-blue hue to take center stage. - Turquoise, being softer and often opaque, is frequently set in sturdy settings like bezels or channels, which protect the stone’s edges and prevent chipping. Boho-inspired designs, which often feature turquoise, may incorporate intricate metalwork or mixed-stone arrangements.
Artisan craftsmanship is a key factor in the quality of the final piece. Handcrafted rings, as mentioned in the sources, involve meticulous attention to detail—from the precise cutting of the gemstone to the secure setting and final polish. This level of care ensures that each ring is not only beautiful but also built to last. Quality inspection before shipment is a standard practice for reputable jewelers.
Certification and Value When purchasing a gemstone ring, certification provides assurance of authenticity and quality. A Gemological Lab Certificate confirms the gemstone’s identity and may provide grading information for factors like color and clarity. For Blue Topaz and Tanzanite, this can verify that the color is the result of standard treatments. For Turquoise, certification may confirm it is natural or stabilized. The presence of a gold purity stamp (e.g., "14k" or "18k") is a legal requirement in many countries and guarantees the metal content. Investing in certified, solid gold jewelry ensures both sentimental and financial value.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and integrity of December birthstone jewelry. The different hardness levels and porosities of these gems require specific cleaning and storage practices.
General Care for All Gemstones: - Storage: Store each piece separately in a soft cloth pouch or lined jewelry box to prevent scratches. Harder gems like Blue Topaz can scratch softer stones like Turquoise. - Chemicals: Remove rings before using household cleaners, applying lotions, or swimming in chlorinated pools. Chemicals can damage both the gemstone and the metal. - Impact: Avoid wearing delicate rings during strenuous activities or sports where they might receive a sharp blow.
Specific Cleaning Instructions: - Blue Topaz: Due to its hardness and clarity, Blue Topaz is relatively easy to clean. Use warm water, a mild dish soap, and a soft brush (like a baby toothbrush) to gently remove dirt and oils. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft, lint-free cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as the vibrations could potentially loosen the setting, and steam cleaners, which can cause thermal shock. - Tanzanite: With a hardness of 6.5-7, Tanzanite requires gentle handling. Clean it with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Do not use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as the heat and vibrations can cause fractures or damage to the stone. It is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes. - Turquoise: As a porous stone, Turquoise requires the most careful maintenance. Clean it with a soft, dry cloth. If necessary, you can use a slightly damp cloth, but avoid soaking the stone or using any chemicals, soaps, or detergents, as they can be absorbed and alter the color or damage the stabilization treatment. Never use an ultrasonic cleaner or steam. The best practice is to wipe it clean after wear to remove skin oils and store it in a dry environment.
For all gemstones, it is advisable to have the jewelry professionally inspected by a jeweler periodically. The jeweler can check the security of the setting, the condition of the metal, and the overall integrity of the piece, ensuring it remains safe and beautiful for years to come.
Conclusion
The December birthstones—Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise—offer a remarkable diversity of color, history, and meaning. From the communicative serenity of Blue Topaz to the transformative spirituality of Tanzanite and the ancient protective power of Turquoise, each gem provides a unique pathway to personal expression and significance. Their geological origins, from the single-source rarity of Tanzanite to the ancient, copper-rich deposits of Turquoise, underscore their distinct identities in the mineral kingdom.
When crafted into rings set in solid 14k or 18k gold, these stones are elevated into enduring works of art. The combination of precious metal and carefully selected gemstone results in jewelry that is not only aesthetically pleasing but also rich with symbolic value. Whether chosen for a December birthday, as a meaningful gift, or simply for their captivating beauty, these birthstones carry a legacy that spans from the ancient world to the modern jeweler’s bench. Understanding their properties, care requirements, and cultural significance allows enthusiasts to make informed choices, ensuring that their December birthstone jewelry remains a cherished possession for a lifetime.