The month of August is uniquely blessed with three official birthstones, each offering a distinct palette of color, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant green glow; spinel, renowned for its fiery red and a spectrum of other hues; and sardonyx, an ancient stone of banded layers—collectively represent the warmth, strength, and diversity of the summer season. These gems are not merely decorative; they are geological marvels with deep historical roots and cultural significance. For centuries, they have been cherished by civilizations across the globe, from the ancient Egyptians who mined peridot on the Red Sea to the Romans who carved intricate cameos from sardonyx. This article delves into the rich tapestry of these three August birthstones, exploring their geological origins, gemological properties, historical lore, and the symbolic meanings that continue to resonate with wearers today.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot is perhaps the most well-known of the three August birthstones, celebrated for its signature lime-green to yellowish-green color. It is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, a common silicate found in the Earth's mantle. Peridot’s formation under extreme conditions is one of its most fascinating characteristics. It can be found in the hardened lava that carries it from deep within the Earth’s mantle and, remarkably, in meteorites that traveled from outer space, making it one of the few gems to originate in the cosmos.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is long and often shrouded in confusion due to its resemblance to other green gems. Throughout history, peridot has frequently been mistaken for topaz and emerald. The Red Sea island of Topazios, a purported source of the name “topaz,” actually produced peridot. This historical mix-up is evident in significant artifacts; the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is decorated with 200 carats of gems that were long believed to be emeralds but are, in fact, peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have been comprised of peridot.
The word “peridot” is derived from the Arabic faridat, meaning gem. This August birthstone was valued in many ancient and medieval cultures. Ancient Egyptians mined peridot on the Red Sea island of Zabargad (now St. John’s Island) as early as the 4th century B.C. They called it the "gem of the sun" and believed it possessed protective powers, warding off nightmares and bringing the wearer happiness and strength. The stone was also used in jewelry and religious objects, signifying its esteemed status in their society.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is unique among gemstones. While most gems crystallize in the Earth’s crust, peridot is formed in the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface by tectonic activity or volcanic eruptions. The most significant source of peridot is the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona, which produces the majority of the world's commercial-quality peridot. Other notable sources include Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, and the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. The peridot found in meteorites, known as pallasite meteorites, is extremely rare and highly prized by collectors.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a relatively hard gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it suitable for various types of jewelry, including rings, as long as it is worn with care. Its chemical composition is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Peridot is known for its high refractive index and strong pleochroism, meaning it can show different shades of green when viewed from different angles. Unlike many other gems, peridot is not typically treated or enhanced, which adds to its value and appeal. Its color ranges from yellow-green to deep olive-green, with the most valued hues being a rich, vibrant olive green.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with positivity, joy, abundance, and confidence. It is considered a Heart Chakra crystal, believed to support healing and open the heart to love. Its bright, uplifting energy is said to boost mood and confidence, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance and renewal. Wearing peridot close to the skin is believed to amplify these benefits, offering protection and emotional strength.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches. It is best cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided, as they can cause damage. Storing peridot separately from harder gemstones will prevent abrasion.
Spinel: The Underappreciated Jewel
Spinel is the newest addition to the list of official August birthstones, officially recognized by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) in 2016. For centuries, spinel was underappreciated and often mistaken for ruby, its most famous red variety. Today, it is celebrated for its wide range of colors and its own distinct history.
History and Lore
Spinel’s history is intertwined with that of ruby. Many famous "rubies" throughout history, such as the Black Prince’s Ruby and the Timur Ruby in the British Crown Jewels, are actually large red spinels. This long-standing confusion led to spinel being overlooked, but it also gave it a royal pedigree. The stone has been treasured for centuries, particularly in Asia, where it was used in royal jewelry and artifacts. In 2016, its status was elevated when it was officially added to the modern birthstone list, providing consumers with an alternative to ruby and a gem with its own unique story.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and in alluvial deposits. It is composed of magnesium aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) and can contain various trace elements that give it a wide color range. Major sources of spinel include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. The most prized red spinels, known as "ruby spinels," come from the Mogok region of Myanmar. Blue, pink, and orange spinels are also highly valued, with the cobalt-blue spinel being particularly rare and sought after.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it an excellent choice for all types of jewelry, including rings and daily wear. It has a high refractive index and strong dispersion, giving it a brilliant sparkle. Spinel is available in a vast array of colors, including vivid red, pink, orange, blue, and black. Red is the most popular and valuable color, but other hues like cobalt blue and vivid pink are also highly prized. Spinel is generally untreated, which adds to its appeal for collectors and connoisseurs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Spinel is associated with renewal, vitality, and inspiration. It is considered a high-energy stone that can restore energy, inspire hope, and provide encouragement during difficult times. Its diverse color range allows it to be linked to different chakras and intentions, making it a versatile gem for personal empowerment. Wearing spinel is believed to help with grounding, vitality, and creative inspiration.
Care and Cleaning
With a hardness of 8, spinel is quite durable and resistant to scratching. It can be cleaned safely with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe, but it is always advisable to check with a professional jeweler, especially if the stone is set in a delicate piece. Its durability makes it an excellent choice for everyday jewelry.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Stone of Strength
Sardonyx is the original August birthstone, with a history that dates back more than 4,000 years. It is a variety of onyx characterized by alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a black chalcedony), creating a striking banded pattern. This stone has been used for centuries in cameos, intaglios, and signet rings, valued for its durability and symbolic significance.
History and Lore
Sardonyx has a deep historical significance, particularly in ancient Rome and Greece. It was a popular material for signet rings because it could be carved easily and its banded layers created beautiful designs. The stone was associated with strength, stability, and protection. Roman soldiers wore sardonyx amulets for courage in battle, and it was believed to protect the wearer from harm and evil spirits. Its use in cameos and intaglios made it a favorite among the elite, and many historical artifacts and jewelry pieces from antiquity feature sardonyx.
The stone’s name is derived from the Greek words sardios (sard) and onyx (onyx), reflecting its layered composition. Sardonyx was also used in religious contexts, often carved into seals and amulets for spiritual protection. Its enduring popularity through the centuries speaks to its perceived power and aesthetic appeal.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sardonyx is a cryptocrystalline quartz, formed from silica deposits in volcanic rocks. It is a variety of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline form of quartz. The distinct bands of color are created by the deposition of different impurities during its formation. Major sources of sardonyx include India, Brazil, Germany, and the United States (particularly in Oregon and Washington). The quality of sardonyx is determined by the sharpness of its banding and the contrast between the layers.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it suitable for carving and everyday wear. It is composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and is relatively dense. The stone’s value is based on the distinctness and contrast of its bands, with the most prized pieces showing a clear, sharp separation between the reddish-brown sard and the black onyx layers. Sardonyx is often cut into cabochons to highlight its banding or carved into cameos and intaglios. It is not typically treated, as its natural banding is its most valuable feature.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx is traditionally associated with strength, stability, and protection. It is considered a grounding stone that provides courage and confidence. In metaphysical beliefs, sardonyx is said to promote stability in relationships and personal life, offering a sense of security and strength. It is often used for meditation and to enhance self-control and willpower. Wearing sardonyx is believed to protect against negative energies and to bring about a sense of calm and resilience.
Care and Cleaning
Sardonyx, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7, requires care to avoid scratches and impacts. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, which could damage the stone or its settings. Due to its banded structure, it is important to handle sardonyx jewelry gently to prevent chipping or breaking the layers.
Comparative Overview and Selection
Choosing among the three August birthstones can be a personal decision based on color preference, symbolic meaning, and lifestyle needs. The following table provides a summary of key characteristics to aid in selection:
| Birthstone | Typical Colors | Mohs Hardness | Key Symbolic Meanings | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellowish-green to olive green | 6.5 - 7 | Joy, abundance, healing, confidence | Heart Chakra work, uplifting energy, summer-themed jewelry |
| Spinel | Red, pink, orange, blue, black | 8 | Renewal, vitality, inspiration, grounding | Daily wear, versatility, royal history appeal |
| Sardonyx | Banded red-brown and black | 6.5 - 7 | Strength, stability, protection, courage | Grounding energy, vintage-style jewelry, protective amulets |
Peridot is ideal for those seeking a bright, uplifting stone that promotes joy and emotional healing. Its vibrant green color is perfect for summer jewelry and is believed to open the heart to love. Spinel, with its wide range of colors and high durability, is excellent for everyday wear. It symbolizes renewal and inspiration, making it a great choice for those needing a boost of vitality or creative energy. Sardonyx, the ancient stone of strength, is perfect for individuals looking for grounding and protective energy. Its earthy tones and historical significance make it a meaningful choice for vintage-style jewelry and amulets.
Many people choose to wear more than one August birthstone, combining peridot, spinel, and sardonyx to benefit from their combined energies or simply to enjoy the variety of colors and styles. Whether worn as a ring, necklace, bracelet, or earrings, these stones offer a powerful way to express personality and celebrate a connection to the summer season.
Conclusion
The three August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—offer a remarkable diversity of color, history, and meaning. Peridot, the gem of the sun, brings joy and abundance with its radiant green glow. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, now stands on its own as a symbol of renewal and vitality, available in a stunning array of hues. Sardonyx, the ancient banded stone, provides strength and protection with its earthy layers and deep historical roots. Together, they reflect the warmth, strength, and spirited energy of August. Whether chosen for their beauty, symbolic power, or historical significance, these gems provide a meaningful and personal connection to one’s birth month, serving as enduring talismans of identity and aspiration.