June 18th is a date marked by the presence of one of the most captivating and rare gemstones in the world: Alexandrite. This extraordinary stone is celebrated not only for its mesmerizing color-changing properties but also for its deep-rooted symbolism and historical significance. As the birthstone for those born on this date, Alexandrite embodies the themes of transformation, renewal, and adaptability—making it a symbol of both personal and universal change. While June is unique in having three official birthstones—Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite—this guide will focus on the latter, exploring its geological formation, gemological properties, rich history, and enduring cultural legacy. For those born on June 18th, Alexandrite is more than just a gem; it is a tangible representation of resilience and the dynamic nature of life itself.
History and Lore
The story of Alexandrite begins in the Russian Empire in 1830, a year of significant political and cultural change. The gemstone was discovered in the Ural Mountains, specifically in the emerald mines near Yekaterinburg. Its discovery is attributed to Finnish-born mineralogist Nils Gustaf von Bonsdorff, who identified the first samples. However, the stone’s legendary status was cemented when it was named in honor of Tsar Alexander II, whose ascension to the throne coincided with its discovery. The timing was serendipitous; the gem’s ability to change from a vibrant green in daylight to a rich, reddish hue under candlelight mirrored the dual colors of the old Russian Imperial Guard—green and red. This association with the Tsar and the imperial court elevated Alexandrite to the status of a national gemstone, making it a symbol of Russian pride and imperial power throughout the 19th century.
Beyond its imperial connections, Alexandrite has long been enveloped in folklore and metaphysical beliefs. Its dramatic color change was seen as a manifestation of its mystical properties. In Russian lore, it was believed to bring good fortune and balance to its wearer, acting as a talisman of hope and joy. The stone’s ability to adapt its appearance based on the light source led to its symbolism of transformation and the duality of human nature. It was thought to inspire creativity and confidence, helping individuals navigate life’s changes with grace. This symbolism of adaptability and resilience makes Alexandrite a particularly poignant birthstone for those born on June 18th, a date that often falls under the zodiac sign of Gemini, which is itself associated with duality and versatility.
The journey of Alexandrite from a Russian imperial treasure to a global gemstone was shaped by historical events. After the Russian Revolution, the original mines in the Ural Mountains became less productive, and for a time, Alexandrite was thought to be virtually extinct. However, new sources were eventually discovered in other parts of the world, including Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa. These new deposits, while producing stones of significant quality, often lacked the vivid color change of the original Russian material. The legacy of the Russian Alexandrite remains the benchmark for quality and value in the gemological world, with stones from the Ural Mountains considered the finest and most prized by collectors and connoisseurs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, with the chemical formula BeAl₂O₄. Its formation requires a very specific and rare set of geological conditions. Chrysoberyl typically forms in pegmatites—coarse-grained igneous rocks—or in metamorphic rocks under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. For Alexandrite to develop, the presence of trace amounts of chromium (Cr³⁺) is essential. Chromium ions substitute for aluminum in the crystal lattice, which is what causes the gem’s unique color-change phenomenon. This substitution is a delicate process; too much chromium can result in the formation of emerald (which is beryl, not chrysoberyl), while too little results in a colorless or pale stone. Consequently, natural Alexandrite is exceptionally rare, and large, high-quality crystals are even rarer.
The primary historical source of Alexandrite was the Ural Mountains in Russia. The gem was initially found in the emerald mines near Yekaterinburg, where it was often mistaken for emerald due to its green hue in daylight. These Russian deposits, which were active in the 19th century, produced the most prized Alexandrites, known for their intense color change from emerald green to raspberry red. However, production from these mines declined significantly after the Russian Revolution, and today, they are largely depleted.
Modern sources of Alexandrite are more widespread, though the quality varies. Significant deposits have been found in Brazil, particularly in the state of Minas Gerais. Brazilian Alexandrite is known for its large crystal sizes and good color change, though the green component can sometimes be more blue-green, and the red component less saturated than the classic Russian material. Other notable sources include Sri Lanka, which produces Alexandrite with a distinct blue-green to purple-red color change, and East African countries like Tanzania and Zimbabwe. These sources contribute to the global supply, but fine-quality material remains scarce and commands premium prices. The rarity of natural Alexandrite, combined with the specific geological conditions required for its formation, makes it one of the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite’s allure is rooted in its remarkable physical and optical characteristics. As a variety of chrysoberyl, it is one of the hardest and most durable gemstones, making it an excellent choice for jewelry that will withstand daily wear. The following table summarizes its key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Chrysoberyl |
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 8.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.71 – 3.75 |
| Refractive Index | 1.746 – 1.755 |
| Birefringence | 0.008 – 0.009 |
| Optic Character | Biaxial (+) |
| Color Change | Green to red under different light sources |
| Cause of Color | Trace amounts of chromium (Cr³⁺) |
The most defining characteristic of Alexandrite is its pleochroism, specifically its trichroism. This means it exhibits three different colors when viewed from three different crystal directions. In Alexandrite, these colors are typically green, orange, and red. However, the dramatic and well-known color change is a result of its trichroism combined with the human eye’s sensitivity to different light sources. In natural daylight (which has a higher blue-green component), the stone appears green to bluish-green. Under incandescent light (which has a higher red-yellow component), it shifts to red, purplish-red, or raspberry red. This phenomenon is not a change in the gem’s chemical structure but rather a shift in the wavelengths of light that are absorbed and reflected, which our eyes perceive as a different color.
The hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale makes Alexandrite exceptionally resistant to scratching and abrasion. Only a few gemstones, such as diamond, moissanite, and corundum (ruby and sapphire), are harder. This durability allows it to be set in rings, bracelets, and other jewelry pieces that are subject to impact. Its specific gravity (3.71 – 3.75) is relatively high, giving it a noticeable heft compared to many other gemstones. The refractive index (1.746 – 1.755) indicates how much the gemstone bends light, contributing to its brilliance when properly cut. The birefringence (0.008 – 0.009) is moderate, which means double refraction can be observed under magnification, a useful tool for gemologists in distinguishing natural Alexandrite from imitations.
Clarity is an important factor in valuing Alexandrite. Natural Alexandrite often contains inclusions, such as needle-like crystals, fingerprint inclusions, or growth tubes. While some inclusions are acceptable and even expected in natural stones, large or distracting inclusions can lower the value. The most valuable Alexandrites are those with a strong color change, high clarity, and a well-proportioned cut that maximizes the display of its unique color shift.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism of Alexandrite is deeply intertwined with its physical property of color change. This ability to transform its appearance based on the environment has made it a powerful symbol of adaptability, balance, and transformation. In metaphysical traditions, Alexandrite is often called the “stone of change” or the “emperor’s stone.” It is believed to help its wearer navigate life’s transitions with ease, encouraging personal growth and the release of old patterns. For those born on June 18th, this symbolism resonates strongly, as it represents the capacity to embrace change and find joy in the journey.
Alexandrite is also associated with joy, optimism, and good fortune. Its ability to shift from a somber green to a vibrant red is seen as a metaphor for moving from introspection to action, from calm to passion. In Russian folklore, it was believed to bring luck to its owner, particularly in matters of the heart and in creative pursuits. The stone is thought to stimulate the imagination and inspire creativity, making it a favorite among artists, writers, and innovators. Furthermore, Alexandrite is linked to the crown chakra in some Eastern traditions, which is associated with spiritual connection, enlightenment, and a sense of oneness with the universe. By balancing the heart and mind, it is said to promote emotional stability and inner peace.
While these metaphysical beliefs are not supported by scientific evidence, they add a layer of cultural and personal significance to the gemstone. For many, wearing Alexandrite is a way to connect with these symbolic meanings and to carry a reminder of their own resilience and capacity for transformation. It is important to note that these beliefs are part of a long tradition of associating gemstones with human attributes and energies, a tradition that dates back to ancient civilizations and continues to this day.
Care and Cleaning
Given its exceptional hardness and durability, Alexandrite is relatively easy to care for, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry types. However, proper maintenance is essential to preserve its beauty and value over time. The following guidelines are recommended for cleaning and caring for Alexandrite jewelry:
- Cleaning Solution: Use a mild soap (such as dish soap) and warm water. Avoid harsh chemicals, including bleach, ammonia, and hydrofluoric acid, which can damage the gemstone or its setting.
- Method: Gently scrub the gemstone with a soft-bristled toothbrush, paying special attention to the areas under the setting where dirt and oils can accumulate. Rinse thoroughly with warm water to remove all soap residue.
- Drying: Pat the jewelry dry with a soft, lint-free cloth. Do not use paper towels, as they can leave scratches on the surface.
- Ultrasonic Cleaners: Alexandrite can generally be cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner, but caution is advised. If the stone has fractures or inclusions, the vibrations could potentially cause damage. It is best to consult a professional jeweler before using an ultrasonic cleaner.
- Steam Cleaners: Avoid using steam cleaners on Alexandrite. The high heat and pressure can cause thermal shock, potentially leading to cracking or fracturing, especially if the stone has existing inclusions.
- Storage: Store Alexandrite jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. While Alexandrite is hard, it can still be scratched by harder materials like diamonds and sapphires. Use a soft pouch or a compartmentalized jewelry box for storage.
- Professional Check-ups: Have your Alexandrite jewelry inspected by a professional jeweler periodically. They can check the security of the setting, clean the piece professionally, and address any potential issues before they become major problems.
By following these simple care instructions, you can ensure that your Alexandrite remains as captivating and beautiful as the day you acquired it. Its durability makes it an excellent choice for everyday wear, and with proper care, it can be a treasured heirloom for generations to come.
Conclusion
Alexandrite stands as a testament to the extraordinary artistry of nature. Its rare and mesmerizing color-change property, combined with its rich historical legacy and profound symbolism, secures its place as one of the world’s most coveted gemstones. For those born on June 18th, it serves as a perfect birthstone, embodying the themes of transformation, adaptability, and joy. From its imperial origins in the Russian Empire to its modern discovery in new global deposits, the story of Alexandrite is one of resilience and enduring beauty. Its exceptional gemological properties, including its remarkable hardness and unique optical characteristics, make it not only a subject of scientific fascination but also a durable and beautiful choice for fine jewelry. Whether valued for its historical significance, its metaphysical symbolism, or its sheer visual splendor, Alexandrite continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts, collectors, and jewelry lovers around the world, offering a tangible link to the dynamic and ever-changing nature of life itself.