For those born on August 28th, the designated birthstone is peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its captivating and singular green hue. This gem, a variety of the mineral olivine, is one of the few in the gemological world that occurs naturally in only one color family, ranging from light olive to a deeper, more intense green. Its significance extends beyond its vibrant appearance; peridot carries a rich tapestry of historical lore, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning that has captivated humanity for millennia. As the primary modern birthstone for August, peridot represents renewal, growth, and prosperity, making it a powerful talisman for individuals marking their birthday on this late summer date.
The following article explores the multifaceted nature of peridot, delving into its geological origins, its journey through history and myth, its specific gemological properties, and its enduring cultural significance. We will examine how this remarkable gem became a birthstone, the sources from which it is mined, and the practical considerations for its care and maintenance. This comprehensive overview is designed for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology, providing an authoritative and engaging look at one of the world's most distinctive green gems.
History and Lore
Peridot possesses a history that is both ancient and intriguing, often intertwined with confusion and misidentification. The very name "peridot" is believed to derive from the Arabic word faridat, meaning "gem," a testament to its esteemed value in the ancient world. This etymology underscores the gem's long-standing importance across various cultures and epochs.
Throughout much of history, peridot was frequently mistaken for other, more famous green gemstones. Its vibrant color led to its confusion with emerald, one of the most prized gems in antiquity. A notable example of this historical confusion is found in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral. The shrine is decorated with approximately 200 carats of gems that were believed for centuries to be emeralds. Modern gemological analysis has since identified these stones as peridot, revealing a significant chapter in the gem's history and its role in religious art and treasury. Some historians even speculate that the legendary emerald collection of Cleopatra may have, in part, been comprised of peridot, further blurring the lines between these two green gems in the historical record.
The confusion was not limited to emeralds. The gemstone was also mistaken for topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, a purported source for the name "topaz," was actually a historical source of peridot. This island, now known as Zabargad, was mined by ancient Egyptians, who referred to the gem as the "gem of the sun." They believed peridot possessed protective powers, particularly against nightmares and evil spirits. The Romans, too, valued peridot, calling it "topazion," and believed it had the power to ward off the "evil eye" and bring good fortune to its wearer.
The association of peridot with the sun and its perceived protective qualities persisted into the Middle Ages. It was a favored stone among clergy and royalty, often set in church treasures and royal jewelry. Its enduring appeal across such diverse cultures—from ancient Egypt to medieval Europe—highlights its universal recognition as a gem of beauty and power. For those born on August 28th, this deep historical connection adds a layer of ancient mystique to their personal birthstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate of magnesium and iron with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. Its formation is a testament to the powerful geological processes of our planet. Unlike many gemstones that form in the Earth's crust, peridot is unique in that it can originate from deep within the Earth's mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often carried within hardened lava. This process subjects the crystal to the extreme temperatures and pressures necessary for its formation, resulting in a gem that is literally forged in the fires of the Earth's interior.
The color of peridot is directly tied to its iron content. The presence of iron in the crystal lattice gives it its characteristic green hue. The intensity of the color can vary significantly depending on the concentration of iron, with higher iron content generally resulting in a deeper, more intense green. While peridot can range from a yellowish-green to an olive or brownish-green, the most desirable and valuable stones are those that exhibit a bright, vibrant lime-green color, free from brownish or grayish overtones.
In a remarkable geological anomaly, peridot has also been found in meteorites that have traveled from outer space. This extraterrestrial origin further distinguishes peridot from most other gemstones, adding to its mystique and scientific interest. The presence of peridot in meteorites provides evidence that the conditions for its formation can occur beyond our planet as well.
Peridot is mined in several locations around the world, each contributing to the gemstone's availability and market characteristics. Notable sources include: * United States: Arizona is one of the most well-known sources of peridot in the U.S., producing significant quantities of gem-quality material. * Egypt: The ancient mines on the Red Sea island of Zabargad (Topazios) were a primary source for the Egyptians and continue to yield peridot. * Pakistan: The mountainous regions of Pakistan, particularly the Kashmir area, are known for producing large, high-quality peridot crystals. * China: China has emerged as a significant source of peridot in recent decades. * Other Locations: Peridot is also found in Myanmar (Burma), Norway, Australia, Brazil, and Kenya, among other countries.
The geographic diversity of peridot sources means that the gemstone is relatively accessible, though the finest material with the most desirable color and clarity commands premium prices in the gem market.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of peridot is essential for appreciating its durability, identifying it correctly, and caring for it properly. As a member of the olivine group, peridot has a specific set of physical and chemical characteristics that define it.
Chemical Composition and Structure: Peridot is a magnesium iron silicate, with the formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The ratio of magnesium to iron determines the exact shade of green; pure magnesium olivine (forsterite) is colorless, while pure iron olivine (fayalite) is dark green or black. The gem-quality peridot we know lies between these two end-members.
Color: Peridot is celebrated for its single-color range: green. The color is caused by the presence of iron (Fe²⁺) in its crystal structure. The most prized color is a rich, intense olive-green to a vibrant lime-green. The gem's color is generally consistent throughout the stone, making it a reliable and recognizable gem.
Hardness and Durability: On the Mohs scale of hardness, peridot rates between 6.5 and 7. This makes it relatively durable and suitable for various types of jewelry, including rings, pendants, and earrings. However, its hardness is lower than that of sapphire or diamond, so it can be scratched by harder materials. It is also somewhat susceptible to chipping or breaking if struck with sufficient force due to its poor toughness, which is related to its crystal structure.
Refractive Index and Optical Properties: Peridot is a doubly refractive gemstone, with a refractive index ranging from approximately 1.65 to 1.69. It exhibits strong pleochroism, meaning it can show two different shades of green when viewed from different crystal directions. This property can be used by gemologists to help identify the stone.
Clarity and Inclusions: Peridot is typically found with some inclusions. Common inclusions can include small, lily pad-like inclusions, tiny crystals, and growth lines. Unlike some gems where inclusions are considered flaws, in peridot, they are often accepted as part of the stone's character. A high-clarity peridot with few visible inclusions is rare and valuable. Peridot is almost always eye-clean, meaning inclusions are not typically visible to the naked eye.
Carat Weight: Peridot is available in a wide range of sizes. While small stones are common, peridot can be found in large crystals, sometimes weighing hundreds of carats. Large, fine-quality peridot specimens are highly prized by collectors and can command significant prices per carat.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of peridot:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Green (only color) |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 - 1.69 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Common Inclusions | Small crystals, lily pad inclusions, growth lines |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its physical beauty and scientific attributes, peridot is steeped in a rich tradition of symbolism and metaphysical belief. Across cultures and through history, it has been attributed with a variety of powers and meanings, many of which are directly linked to its vibrant green color.
The color green is universally associated with growth, renewal, and life. Peridot, with its bright, leaf-like hue, naturally embodies these concepts. It is often called the "stone of renewal" or the "gem of the sun," symbolizing new beginnings, rebirth, and the flourishing of life. For those born on August 28th, this symbolism of growth and prosperity makes peridot a particularly meaningful personal talisman, representing the potential for personal development and success.
In ancient Egypt, peridot was believed to be a gift from the sun god Ra, endowed with protective powers. It was thought to ward off evil spirits and protect the wearer from nightmares. The Romans echoed this belief, associating peridot with protection against the "evil eye" and misfortune. This protective quality has made peridot a popular stone for amulets and talismans throughout history.
Peridot is also linked to emotional healing and well-being. It is believed to bring peace, calm, and happiness to the wearer. Some traditions hold that peridot can alleviate stress, reduce anger, and foster a sense of contentment. Its association with the heart chakra in some metaphysical systems connects it to love and compassion, both for oneself and for others.
In the context of modern birthstone lore, peridot is said to bring good luck, peace, and success to those born in August. It is believed to attract abundance and prosperity, making it a popular choice for jewelry intended as a gift for someone embarking on a new venture or seeking to enhance their fortunes.
It is important to note that while these metaphysical beliefs are widely held and form an integral part of peridot's cultural legacy, they are not supported by scientific evidence. They represent a fascinating aspect of the gemstone's history and the human desire to find meaning and power in the natural world.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of peridot jewelry. While peridot is relatively durable, its specific properties require mindful handling and cleaning practices.
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot can be scratched by harder materials. It is advisable to store peridot jewelry separately from other jewelry pieces, preferably in a soft cloth pouch or a lined jewelry box, to prevent contact with diamonds, sapphires, or other harder gems. When wearing peridot, it is best to avoid activities that could subject the stone to hard impacts or abrasions, such as heavy manual labor or sports.
Peridot is generally stable when exposed to light and normal temperatures, so it does not require special storage conditions. However, like many gemstones, it should be kept away from harsh chemicals, which can damage the stone's surface or alter its color. This includes household cleaners, chlorine (found in swimming pools and hot tubs), and strong cosmetics or perfumes. It is recommended to put on peridot jewelry after applying makeup, lotions, and hairspray.
Cleaning peridot is straightforward but should be done with care. The best method is to use warm, soapy water and a soft brush, such as a baby toothbrush or a soft-bristled jewelry brush. Gently scrub the stone and its setting to remove any dirt or oil buildup. Rinse thoroughly with clean water to remove all soap residue, as soap film can dull the gem's luster. Dry the jewelry with a soft, lint-free cloth.
Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners are generally not recommended for peridot. The vibrations from an ultrasonic cleaner can cause existing fractures or inclusions to worsen, potentially damaging the stone. Steam cleaning can also pose a risk, especially if the stone has been fracture-filled (a common treatment for some lower-quality peridots), as the heat and steam can remove the filler material. When in doubt, it is always safest to use the gentle, manual cleaning method or to consult a professional jeweler.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a remarkable gemstone, distinguished by its singular green color, deep historical roots, and unique geological origins. As the birthstone for August 28th, it offers individuals born on this date a gem that is not only visually stunning but also rich in meaning and lore. From its ancient associations with the sun and protection to its modern symbolism of renewal and prosperity, peridot continues to captivate and inspire.
Its formation in the Earth's mantle and even in meteorites speaks to its otherworldly nature, while its accessibility from diverse global sources makes it a gemstone that can be enjoyed by a wide audience. Understanding its gemological properties—its hardness, inclusions, and care requirements—allows owners to appreciate and maintain their peridot jewelry for generations to come.
Whether valued for its scientific intrigue, its historical significance, or its symbolic power, peridot remains a gemstone of enduring appeal. For those celebrating a birthday on August 28th, it is a personal emblem of growth, hope, and the vibrant energy of late summer, a green beacon of nature's beauty and resilience.