In the rich tapestry of traditional birthstones, each day of the calendar year is linked to a specific gem, a practice rooted in historical precedent and astrological significance. For those born on August 18th, the designated gemstone is the Peridot. This captivating variety of the mineral olivine is celebrated for its distinct and vibrant green color, a hue that has captured human fascination since antiquity. While Peridot stands as the singular birthstone for the specific date of August 18th, the month of August as a whole is unique in offering a triad of official birthstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. This article will provide a comprehensive exploration of Peridot, detailing its historical journey from ancient talisman to modern jewel, its unique geological origins, its defining gemological properties, and the symbolic meanings that have been ascribed to it across cultures. We will also examine the practical aspects of caring for this remarkable gem, solidifying its status as a cherished stone for those born in the heart of summer.
History and Lore
The history of Peridot is as deep and luminous as the gem itself, stretching back thousands of years. Its journey begins in the ancient world, where it was held in particularly high regard by the Egyptians. They were among the first to mine and utilize this gem, referring to it as "the gem of the sun." This name was not merely decorative; it reflected a profound belief in the stone's protective power. Ancient Egyptians believed Peridot could ward off evil spirits and provide protection, especially during the night. They mined the gem on the Red Sea island of Topazios, a location that ironically became a source of confusion for centuries, as the island's name led many to believe they were sourcing Topaz when in fact they were extracting Peridot.
This confusion with other gems is a recurring theme in Peridot's history. Due to its similar green hue, Peridot has frequently been mistaken for emerald. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) notes that the 200-carats of gems decorating the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral were long believed to be emeralds, but are, in fact, Peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famous collection of emeralds may have actually been comprised of large and lustrous Peridots. This misidentification highlights the gem's exceptional beauty and its ability to rival the most prized of green gems.
The name "Peridot" itself offers a clue to its identity. The word is derived from the Arabic faridat, which simply means "gem." This straightforward etymology belies the stone's complex and storied past. Throughout history, Peridot has been a gem of significance, valued in many ancient and medieval cultures for its beauty and perceived mystical properties.
While Peridot is the specific birthstone for August 18th, its association with the entire month of August was formalized much later. The modern list of birthstones was standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), which designated Peridot as the official birthstone for August. More recently, in 2016, the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) expanded this list to include Spinel and Sardonyx, providing those born in August with a wider palette of colors and options. However, for the specific date of August 18th, Peridot remains the singular, traditional choice.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot possesses a geological origin story that is unique among gemstones, contributing to its mystique and appeal. As the gem variety of the mineral olivine, Peridot is formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth's mantle. Its chemical composition is that of an iron magnesium silicate (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Unlike many gems that are formed in the Earth's crust, Peridot is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is often found in hardened lava that carries it from these deep subterranean origins.
What makes Peridot truly extraordinary is its presence in meteorites. These celestial bodies, which travel from outer space, can contain Peridot crystals, making it one of the few gems not of this world. This extraterrestrial connection adds a cosmic dimension to its allure.
Historically, the most famous source for Peridot was the island of Topazios (now known as Zabargad or St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. This was the source for the gems that adorned ancient Egyptian pharaohs and medieval clergy. While this ancient mine is still a source of Peridot, today the gem is mined in various locations around the globe. According to available sources, modern sources of Peridot include Pakistan, Arizona, and Hawaii. These diverse locations ensure a continued supply of this beautiful green gem.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of Peridot is essential for appreciating its value and ensuring its proper care. Its properties give it a unique identity in the world of colored gemstones.
The most defining characteristic of Peridot is its color. The gem is known for its vibrant green hue, which can range from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow. The GIA specifies that the color of this August birthstone falls within the yellowish green to greenish yellow spectrum of the mineral olivine. The presence of iron is responsible for this distinct green coloration; the amount of iron present can influence the exact shade, with higher iron content generally leading to a more olive-green hue. A key feature of Peridot's color is that it does not typically vary in different lighting conditions; its green is consistent whether viewed under natural daylight or artificial light.
In terms of hardness, Peridot has a rating of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This makes it a reasonably durable gem, suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. However, its toughness is rated as "fair to good," but it is important to note that it possesses poor cleavage. Cleavage refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along flat planes of weakness. Peridot's poor cleavage means it can be susceptible to chipping or breaking if subjected to a sharp blow, so settings that protect the gem, such as bezels, are often recommended for rings.
Here is a summary of key gemological properties for Peridot as described in the provided sources:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish green to greenish yellow |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6.5 to 7 |
| Toughness | Fair to Good |
| Cleavage | Poor |
| Luster | Vitreous (Glass-like) |
The combination of its vibrant color, good hardness, and vitreous luster makes Peridot a desirable gem for jewelry. While large carat sizes are more readily available than with many other gems, the value of any individual stone is always determined by the quality of its color, clarity, and cut.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot's allure extends beyond its physical beauty into the realm of symbolism and metaphysical belief, a tradition that dates back to its earliest known uses. The ancient Egyptians were not the only culture to attribute powerful properties to this "gem of the sun." Across various eras, Peridot has been seen as a stone of light, protection, and renewal.
Historically, it was believed to possess protective qualities, serving as a talisman to ward off evil spirits and protect the wearer from harm. In ancient times, it was thought to protect against nightmares and bring the wearer happiness and strength. This association with light and protection is deeply embedded in its lore.
In modern metaphysical circles, Peridot is associated with a range of positive attributes. It is often linked to emotional healing, personal growth, and renewal. The stone is thought to be an excellent aid for those seeking to relieve stress, as it is believed to promote a sense of well-being and harmony. Its vibrant green color, reminiscent of new growth and spring, reinforces its symbolism of abundance, light, and vitality. For those born in August, Peridot is said to embody the energy, warmth, and strength of summer, making it a powerful personal gem.
Care and Cleaning
To preserve the beauty and integrity of a Peridot gemstone, proper care and cleaning are paramount. Given its specific gemological properties, particularly its hardness and cleavage, certain precautions should be taken.
With a hardness of 6.5 to 7, Peridot is harder than many materials but can still be scratched by substances with a higher rating, such as corundum (sapphire and ruby) or diamond. It is advisable to store Peridot jewelry separately from other pieces to prevent accidental scratching. Due to its poor cleavage, the gem should be protected from sharp blows and hard impacts. As such, it is not the ideal gemstone for rings or bracelets that are likely to experience daily wear and tear, unless set in a protective manner.
Cleaning Peridot is relatively straightforward. The safest method is to use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrubbing the gemstone with a soft-bristled brush will help remove any accumulated dirt or oils. After cleaning, rinse the stone thoroughly with clean water and dry it with a soft, lint-free cloth. It is crucial to avoid using harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or any treatments it may have undergone.
Conclusion
Peridot, the designated birthstone for August 18th, is a gem of remarkable character and historical depth. From its ancient origins as a protective talisman for Egyptian pharaohs to its modern status as a cherished symbol of growth and renewal, its journey through history is as vibrant as its green hue. Formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth and even delivered from outer space by meteorites, its geological story is one of cosmic and terrestrial wonder. Its defining gemological properties—a unique color range, respectable hardness, and characteristic inclusions—make it a distinct and identifiable gem, though one that requires mindful care due to its cleavage. Whether chosen for its beauty, its rich lore, or its connection to the sun-drenched month of August, Peridot remains a timeless and captivating gemstone, embodying the light and vitality of summer.