For those born on August 22, the primary birthstone is Peridot, a gemstone distinguished by its vibrant, uniform green hue and a history that spans millennia. As one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color family—green—Peridot has been cherished for centuries, not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its symbolic meanings of serenity, renewal, and protection. Known historically as the "evening emerald" for its luminous beauty under artificial light, Peridot is a gem of significant geological rarity, having been formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle and even found within meteorites from outer space.
This article provides a comprehensive exploration of Peridot, specifically addressing its significance for the August 22 birthdate. We will examine its historical journey from ancient Egypt to modern jewelry markets, its unique geological origins, and the specific gemological properties that define it. Additionally, we will touch upon the broader context of August birthstones, including the traditional Sardonyx and the modern addition of Spinel, offering a complete guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The history of Peridot is as rich and colorful as the stone itself, tracing back to ancient civilizations that revered it for its perceived protective powers and connection to the divine.
Ancient Origins and Misidentification
Peridot has been a source of fascination for thousands of years. The word "Peridot" is derived from the Arabic term faridat, meaning "gem." Historically, the gemstone was often confused with other precious stones due to its green coloration. The Red Sea island of Topazios, which is actually the source of the name "topaz," historically produced Peridot, leading to centuries of confusion between the two gems. Furthermore, the gems decorating the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral—estimated at 200 carats—were believed for centuries to be emeralds but are now recognized as Peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famous collection of emeralds may actually have been Peridot.
The "Gem of the Sun"
In ancient Egypt, Peridot was known as the "Gem of the Sun." The Egyptians were obsessed with this stone, believing it held the power of the sun god, Ra. They mined the gem on the island of Zabargad (St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, a source that produced the finest Peridot for over 350 years. The stone was thought to protect the wearer against nightmares, bring happiness, and provide strength. It was also believed to offer protection from evil spirits and the "evil eye."
Journey to Modern Birthstone Status
Peridot’s status as a birthstone is relatively modern. While it has been associated with the month of August for some time, it was officially standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) as the primary birthstone for August. For those born specifically on August 22, Peridot holds a unique position. While the month of August is shared by the zodiac signs Leo (July 23 – August 22) and Virgo (August 23 – September 22), Peridot is specifically identified as the Leo birthstone. Therefore, individuals born on August 22, falling under the sign of Leo, are most closely associated with Peridot. This connection is reinforced by the stone’s personality traits, which align with the vibrant, energetic nature of Leos—symbolizing prosperity, happiness, and the ability to rise again like the "Phoenix from the ashes."
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is unique among gemstones not only for its color but also for its geological origin. Unlike many gems that form in the Earth’s crust, Peridot is born of the Earth’s deep interior and, in rare cases, the cosmos.
Formation Under Extreme Conditions
Peridot is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, distinguishing it from most other gem-forming minerals. It is one of the few gemstones that can be found in the hardened lava that carries it from deep within the Earth’s mantle. This process involves magma rising to the surface, bringing with it crystals formed at high temperatures and pressures deep underground.
Perhaps even more extraordinary is Peridot’s presence in meteorites. The gemstone has been identified in pallasite meteorites—stony-iron meteorites that contain crystals of olivine. This extraterrestrial occurrence makes Peridot one of the only gems known to originate from outer space, adding to its mystique and scientific interest.
Mining Locations
Historically, the primary source of high-quality Peridot was the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. This location was the dominant supplier of the gem for centuries. In the modern era, Peridot is mined in various locations around the world, including: * United States: Significant deposits are found in Arizona and New Mexico. * Pakistan: The Kashmir region and the Haraz Mountains are known for producing large, high-quality crystals. * China: Various provinces yield Peridot of commercial quality. * Australia: The zircon mining areas of New South Wales and Queensland have produced Peridot. * Brazil: A consistent source of smaller stones. * Norway: Historically a source of Peridot.
The gem is typically found in volcanic rocks, specifically in basaltic flows and peridotite xenoliths.
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses a distinct set of physical and chemical characteristics that define its identity and durability.
Chemical Composition and Color
The chemical formula of Peridot is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, representing a solid solution between forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) and fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄). The green color is directly attributable to the presence of iron. The specific shade of green can range from yellowish-green to olive green, depending on the iron content. Unlike many other gemstones, Peridot does not typically undergo heat treatment to enhance its color, making it a "natural" choice for consumers seeking unaltered gems.
Hardness and Durability
On the Mohs scale of hardness, Peridot ranks between 6.5 and 7. This makes it moderately durable, suitable for jewelry that is worn with care. However, its hardness is lower than that of quartz, meaning it can be scratched by harder materials. It is also somewhat susceptible to breaking due to poor toughness, specifically because it possesses indistinct cleavage. While it does not have a distinct cleavage plane, it is brittle and can fracture if struck hard.
Optical and Physical Characteristics
- Refractive Index: Peridot has a refractive index ranging from 1.654 to 1.690.
- Specific Gravity: It typically ranges from 3.27 to 3.37.
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic.
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like).
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of Peridot:
| Property | Description/Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish green to greenish yellow |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 – 7 |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 – 1.690 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.27 – 3.37 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
The Broader Context: August's Trio of Birthstones
While Peridot is the primary birthstone for August 22, it is part of a trio of gems assigned to the month. Understanding the alternatives—Sardonyx and Spinel—provides a fuller picture of the August birthstone landscape.
Sardonyx: The Traditional Choice
Sardonyx is the original August birthstone, with a history dating back more than 4,000 years. It is a variety of chalcedony, composed of alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown variety of quartz) and onyx (black quartz). Historically, Sardonyx was highly valued by ancient Greeks and Romans, who used it for cameos and signet rings because wax does not stick to its surface. It was believed to bring courage, protection, and good fortune in battle. While less popular in modern jewelry, it remains the traditional choice for those seeking a connection to ancient history.
Spinel: The Modern Addition
Spinel was added to the list of August birthstones relatively recently, in 2016, by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA). The addition was intended to provide consumers with more options regarding color, affordability, and availability. Spinel is often mistaken for ruby due to its vivid red varieties, a confusion that has persisted for centuries. However, Spinel is a distinct mineral (magnesium aluminate) with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than Peridot. It occurs in a wide range of colors, including pink, orange, blue, and black.
The inclusion of Spinel acknowledges the gem's beauty and durability, offering August-born individuals a variety of choices. For those born on August 22, Spinel serves as a durable and colorful alternative, though Peridot remains the stone most closely linked to the Leo zodiac sign.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is steeped in symbolism, primarily centered around themes of light, protection, and renewal.
Protection and Healing
Throughout history, Peridot has been regarded as a protective talisman. Ancient warriors carried it to ward off evil spirits and protect against the "evil eye." It was believed to be particularly effective when set in gold. In terms of healing, Peridot was thought to strengthen the eyes and cure diseases of the liver and digestive system. It was also associated with the expulsion of negative emotions, such as envy, resentment, and anger, promoting a sense of inner peace and well-being.
Emotional and Spiritual Significance
Metaphysically, Peridot is known as a stone of serenity and renewal. Its vibrant green color is associated with the heart chakra, symbolizing rebirth and new beginnings. For those born on August 22, it is said to enhance the natural traits of the Leo zodiac sign—confidence, leadership, and enthusiasm. It is believed to attract wealth, prosperity, and success, while also fostering loyalty and dedication in relationships.
In modern crystal healing, Peridot is used to alleviate stress, cleanse the aura, and inspire forgiveness. It is considered a "sunshine stone" that brings light and joy to the wearer, dispelling the "gloom" and encouraging a positive outlook on life.
Care and Cleaning
Given its gemological properties, Peridot requires specific care to maintain its brilliance and longevity.
Durability Concerns
With a hardness of 6.5 to 7, Peridot is softer than many popular gemstones like sapphire, ruby, and diamond. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials and can be chipped or fractured if subjected to sharp blows. Therefore, it is not ideally suited for rings worn daily on the hand, such as engagement rings, unless set in a protective mounting (e.g., a bezel setting). It is better suited for earrings, pendants, and occasional-wear rings.
Cleaning Instructions
Peridot is sensitive to rapid temperature changes and harsh chemicals. * Avoid Thermal Shock: Do not expose Peridot to sudden high heat or extreme cold, as this can cause internal fractures. * Avoid Ultrasonic Cleaners: The vibrations from ultrasonic cleaners can cause fractures in Peridot, especially if the stone has existing inclusions or minor chips. It is generally safer to avoid these cleaners. * Avoid Steam Cleaning: Steam cleaners expose the gem to high heat and moisture, which is detrimental to Peridot. * Recommended Cleaning Method: The safest way to clean Peridot is with warm, soapy water and a soft brush (such as a toothbrush). Gently scrub the stone and the setting, then rinse thoroughly with clean water and dry with a soft, lint-free cloth. This method effectively removes dirt and oils without risking damage to the stone.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a remarkable gemstone, offering a unique combination of historical depth, geological rarity, and aesthetic beauty. For those born on August 22, it serves as a powerful birthstone, deeply connected to the fiery energy of the Leo zodiac sign and the ancient lore of the "Gem of the Sun." Its consistent green color, derived from iron, sets it apart in the gemological world, while its formation in the Earth’s mantle and occasional extraterrestrial origin add layers of scientific intrigue.
While the month of August offers the traditional Sardonyx and the versatile Spinel as alternatives, Peridot remains the quintessential choice for August 22, symbolizing prosperity, happiness, and protection. Whether valued for its vibrant hue, its historical significance, or its purported metaphysical properties, Peridot continues to captivate collectors and wearers alike. As with any gemstone, understanding its properties and respecting its fragility ensures that this "evening emerald" can be enjoyed for generations to come.