The practice of associating specific gemstones with birth months is a tradition that spans millennia, evolving from ancient religious artifacts to a standardized system used widely in modern jewelry. A birthstone chart serves as a definitive visual guide, linking each of the twelve months of the year to a specific precious or semi-precious stone. These associations are not merely decorative; they are deeply rooted in historical texts, cultural beliefs, and geological science. The stones are chosen for their rarity, beauty, and the symbolic meanings attributed to them, ranging from protection and healing to love and wisdom.
The modern concept of birthstones was solidified in the United States in the early 20th century, creating a standardized list that has since been amended to include new discoveries and market trends. However, historical traditions offer alternative stones for each month, providing a rich tapestry of choice for enthusiasts and jewelry buyers. This article explores the official and traditional birthstones for each month, detailing their historical origins, geological formation, gemological properties, and the cultural significance that makes them enduring symbols of personal identity.
History and Evolution of Birthstones
The origin of the birthstone tradition is often traced back to the biblical Book of Exodus, which describes the Breastplate of Aaron. This sacred vestment, worn by the High Priest of the Israelites, was set with twelve specific gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Scholars believe that the association of these stones with the twelve months of the year and the twelve signs of the zodiac developed in the first century AD, likely influenced by the works of the historian Josephus and the philosopher Flavius. This connection established a precedent for linking gemstones to specific time periods and, by extension, to individuals born within those periods.
Over the centuries, this concept was adopted and adapted by various cultures. In 8th and 9th century Poland, a tradition emerged of wearing a different gemstone each month to harness its specific powers. This practice is considered a direct ancestor of the modern birthstone list.
The most significant step toward standardization occurred in 1912 when the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now known as Jewelers of America) convened to create an official list. This was done to provide clarity and consistency for the jewelry trade and consumers. The resulting "Modern Birthstone Chart" was based primarily on which gems were commercially available and popular at the time. For example, for June, Alexandrite was chosen over the more traditional Pearl, likely due to its increasing availability and appeal.
Since its inception, this official list has been amended several times to reflect changing market dynamics and the discovery of new gemstones. Key amendments were made in 1952, 2002, and 2016. The 2002 amendment added Tanzanite as an alternative for December, and the 2016 amendment added Spinel for August and introduced Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon as a trio for December. This evolutionary process ensures that the birthstone chart remains a living document, balancing historical reverence with contemporary relevance.
The Official and Traditional Birthstone Chart
The following table synthesizes information from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive overview of the official modern birthstones, their traditional counterparts, and key symbolic associations.
| Month | Modern Birthstone | Traditional/Alternative | Primary Color | Key Symbolism | Hardness (Mohs Scale) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | - | Deep Red | Friendship, Trust, Protection | 6.5 - 7.5 |
| February | Amethyst | - | Purple | Peace, Protection, Tranquility | 7 |
| March | Aquamarine | Bloodstone | Light Blue | Courage, Honesty, Loyalty | 7.5 - 8 |
| April | Diamond | Rock Crystal | Clear/Colorless | Love, Purity, Strength | 10 |
| May | Emerald | Chrysoprase | Green | Rebirth, Love, Wisdom | 7.5 - 8 |
| June | Pearl | Alexandrite, Moonstone | White/Cream | Purity, Innocence, Faith | 2.5 - 4.5 |
| July | Ruby | Carnelian | Red | Passion, Protection, Prosperity | 9 |
| August | Peridot | Spinel, Sardonyx | Lime Green | Strength, Good Fortune, Peace | 6.5 - 7 |
| September | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli | Blue | Wisdom, Loyalty, Nobility | 9 |
| October | Opal | Tourmaline | Multicolored | Hope, Creativity, Innocence | 5.5 - 6.5 |
| November | Topaz | Citrine | Yellow/Orange | Love, Affection, Strength | 8 |
| December | Tanzanite | Turquoise, Zircon | Blue/Purple | Protection, Healing, Wisdom | 6.5 - 7 |
Note: Hardness values are derived from the provided sources and represent general ranges for the gemstone variety.
Month-by-Month Gemstone Analysis
January: Garnet
History and Lore: The name "garnet" is derived from the Latin word granatum, meaning seed, due to its resemblance to the dark red seeds of a pomegranate. Historically, garnets were worn as talismans by warriors and travelers for protection against injury and accidents. They were also believed to ward off nightmares and illuminate the night.
Geological Formation and Sources: Garnet is not a single mineral but a group of silicate minerals with similar crystal structures and chemical properties. They are typically formed in high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic environments. While most commonly associated with deep red hues, garnets can be found in a wide spectrum of colors, with the rarest being blue, discovered in the 1990s.
Gemological Properties: Garnet is a reasonably tough gemstone with a Mohs hardness ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, making it suitable for most types of jewelry. Its lustrous appearance and durability contribute to its popularity. While most garnet species are not considered rare, certain varieties can be quite valuable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: The primary symbolic meaning associated with garnet is constancy. It is also linked to friendship, trust, and protection, making it a meaningful gift for loved ones.
Care and Cleaning: Due to its good hardness and lack of cleavage, garnet is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for most garnet varieties.
February: Amethyst
History and Lore: Amethyst has been cherished for centuries, with its name derived from the Greek word amethystos, meaning "not intoxicated." Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that wearing amethyst or drinking from amethyst cups could prevent intoxication and keep the wearer clear-headed and sharp-witted. It was also a symbol of royalty and has been used in the crowns and regalia of various monarchs.
Geological Formation and Sources: A variety of quartz, amethyst gets its distinctive purple color from trace amounts of iron and other metal oxides within its crystal lattice. It is formed in geodes and hollows of volcanic rock. Major sources include Brazil, Uruguay, and parts of Africa.
Gemological Properties: With a Mohs hardness of 7, amethyst is durable enough for daily wear in rings, earrings, and pendants. It belongs to the trigonal crystal system and is known for its vitreous luster. Color zoning can sometimes be present, with darker and lighter purple areas within a single stone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: Amethyst is associated with sincerity, peace, and tranquility. It is widely believed to have calming properties, promoting serenity and clarity of mind. Metaphysically, it is often used for spiritual awakening and intuition.
Care and Cleaning: Amethyst is sensitive to prolonged exposure to strong sunlight and high heat, which can cause its color to fade. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and sudden temperature changes.
March: Aquamarine
History and Lore: The name aquamarine is derived from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (sea), reflecting its stunning sea-blue color. For centuries, sailors wore aquamarine as a talisman for good luck, protection against drowning, and safe passage across stormy seas. It was also believed to be a treasure of mermaids.
Geological Formation and Sources: Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which also includes emerald and morganite. Its blue to blue-green color comes from trace amounts of iron within its chemical composition. It typically forms in large, six-sided crystals within metamorphic rocks. The state of Minas Gerais in Brazil is a primary source for high-quality aquamarine.
Gemological Properties: Aquamarine has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8, making it an excellent and durable choice for jewelry. It is known for its excellent clarity, with inclusions being less common than in many other gemstones. Its color can range from very pale blue to a deep, saturated blue, with the most prized color being a deep blue with a slight greenish tint.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: Aquamarine symbolizes courage, wisdom, and loyalty. Its calming energy is said to reduce stress and quiet the mind. It is also associated with honesty and promotes clear communication.
Care and Cleaning: Aquamarine is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. It can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is also generally safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, though it's always wise to check for any fractures or inclusions first.
April: Diamond
History and Lore: The diamond, from the Greek word adamas meaning "invincible," is the ultimate symbol of enduring love and commitment. Its use in engagement rings became a widespread tradition following the famous 1947 De Beers marketing campaign, "A Diamond is Forever." Historically, diamonds were believed to possess healing powers, cure ailments, and ward off evil.
Geological Formation and Sources: Diamonds are formed deep within the Earth's mantle under extreme heat and pressure, about 90 to 120 miles below the surface. They are brought to the surface through volcanic activity in kimberlite pipes. Major sources include Botswana, Russia, Australia, and Canada.
Gemological Properties: Diamond is the hardest known natural material, scoring a perfect 10 on the Mohs scale. This extreme hardness makes it exceptionally durable and resistant to scratching. Its high refractive index and dispersion give it unparalleled brilliance and fire. The quality of a diamond is evaluated based on the "Four Cs": Cut, Color, Clarity, and Carat weight.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: The primary symbolism of the diamond is innocence, love, and purity. It is also associated with strength, clarity, and abundance. In metaphysical beliefs, diamonds are said to amplify energy and bring balance to the wearer.
Care and Cleaning: Diamond's hardness makes it resistant to scratching, but it can still attract grease and oil. It is best cleaned with a solution of warm water and a mild detergent, using a soft brush to remove dirt from underneath the setting.
May: Emerald
History and Lore: Revered since antiquity, emerald is a gemstone of royalty. The Incas and Aztecs of South America considered it a sacred stone, while Cleopatra was famously known for her love of emeralds. Ancient scholars like Pliny the Elder praised emerald for its soothing and restorative properties, stating it "cheers the spirit without intoxication."
Geological Formation and Sources: Emerald is also a variety of beryl, with its vibrant green color caused by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Unlike aquamarine, emeralds are typically found in geological settings that result in many internal inclusions and fractures, a characteristic often referred to as the stone's "jardin" (French for garden).
Gemological Properties: Emerald has a Mohs hardness of 7.5 to 8. However, its value is heavily dependent on its color, with the most prized being a deep, vivid green. Its inclusions are so common that they are often accepted as part of the stone's character. Emeralds are often treated with oils or resins to fill surface-reaching fissures and improve clarity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: Emerald is a stone of successful love, rebirth, and wisdom. It is believed to promote domestic bliss, loyalty, and unity, making it a popular choice for engagement rings. It is also associated with prosperity and tranquility.
Care and Cleaning: Due to its common inclusions and treatments, emerald requires gentle care. It is best cleaned with lukewarm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone or strip away its oil treatments.
June: Pearl and Alexandrite
June is unique in having three official birthstones: Pearl, Alexandrite, and Moonstone.
Pearl: * History and Lore: Pearls are the only gemstones formed within living creatures. For centuries, they were the most valuable gems in the world, symbolizing purity, innocence, and faith. * Geological Formation: Natural pearls form when an irritant, such as a parasite, enters a mollusk, which then secretes layers of nacre (calcium carbonate) around it. Most modern pearls are cultured, where a human intentionally introduces the irritant. * Gemological Properties: Pearls have a low Mohs hardness of 2.5-4.5 and are sensitive to acids, cosmetics, and heat. Their value is determined by luster, size, shape, and color. * Symbolism: Pearls symbolize purity, innocence, and faith.
Alexandrite: * History and Lore: Discovered in Russia in the 1830s, alexandrite is famed for its dramatic color change from green in daylight to red/purple in incandescent light. It was named after the future Tsar Alexander II. * Geological Formation: A variety of chrysoberyl, it forms in pegmatites and metamorphic rocks. * Gemological Properties: With a hardness of 8.5, it is very durable. Its most prized feature is the "alexandrite effect," its color change. * Symbolism: It represents joy, hope, and good fortune.
Care and Cleaning: Pearls should be wiped with a soft, damp cloth after each wear. Alexandrite is durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and an ultrasonic cleaner.
July: Ruby
History and Lore: The ruby, a variety of the mineral corundum, is the "King of Gems." Its name comes from the Latin rubeus, meaning red. Throughout history, it has been a symbol of passion, power, and protection. Warriors in ancient India believed rubies would make them invincible in battle.
Geological Formation and Sources: Rubies form in metamorphic rock. The most prized rubies, with the finest "pigeon's blood" red, historically came from the Mogok region of Myanmar (Burma). Other significant sources include Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Gemological Properties: Ruby has a Mohs hardness of 9, second only to diamond, making it an excellent choice for all types of jewelry. Its value is determined primarily by its color, with the most valuable being a vibrant, pure red with a slight bluish hue.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: Ruby symbolizes passion, protection, and prosperity. It is believed to stimulate the heart chakra, encouraging vitality and courage.
Care and Cleaning: Ruby is very durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners. However, some rubies are fracture-filled, so harsh chemicals should be avoided.
August: Peridot
History and Lore: Peridot, the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, is one of the few gemstones that occurs in only one color: a distinctive lime green. Ancient Egyptians called it the "gem of the sun," believing it protected its wearer from the terrors of the night. It was mined on the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea for centuries.
Geological Formation and Sources: Peridot is found in volcanic rock and also in meteorites that have fallen to Earth. Major sources include Pakistan, Arizona (USA), and China.
Gemological Properties: Peridot has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7. Its color can range from yellowish-green to olive green. It has no cleavage, making it relatively durable, but it can be prone to chipping if struck hard.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: Peridot is associated with strength, good fortune, and peace. It is believed to bring prosperity and happiness to the wearer and to ward off evil spirits.
Care and Cleaning: Peridot is sensitive to rapid temperature changes. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic and steam cleaners.
September: Sapphire
History and Lore: Sapphire, another variety of corundum, has long been a symbol of truth, sincerity, and loyalty. It was favored by royalty and clergy as a symbol of divine favor and wisdom. The ancient Persians believed the Earth rested on a giant sapphire, and that its reflection colored the sky.
Geological Formation and Sources: Sapphires form in metamorphic rocks. While blue is the most famous color, sapphires occur in every color of the rainbow (except red, which is a ruby). The most significant source for blue sapphires is Sri Lanka, with other important sources in Kashmir, Myanmar, and Australia.
Gemological Properties: With a Mohs hardness of 9, sapphire is extremely durable. Its value is determined by the intensity and purity of its color. Sapphires are often heat-treated to improve their color and clarity, a treatment that is stable and widely accepted.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs: Sapphire symbolizes wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. It is believed to bring peace of mind and focus, and to release mental tension.
Care and Cleaning: Sapphire is easy to care for and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners.
October: Opal and Tourmaline
October babies have a choice between two beautiful and distinct stones.
Opal: * History and Lore: The name opal comes from the Greek word opallios, meaning "to see a change of color." It is famed for its "play-of-color," an iridescent phenomenon caused by the diffraction of light. Roman historian Pliny the Elder called it the "queen of gems." * Geological Formation: Opal is formed from silica-rich water seeping into cracks in rocks. It is composed of microscopic spheres of silica. * Gemological Properties: Opal is a soft and porous gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 to 6.5. It is sensitive to heat and dryness, which can cause "crazing" (cracking). * Symbolism: Opal symbolizes hope, creativity, and innocence.
Tourmaline: * History and Lore: Tourmaline is known as the "Rainbow Gemstone" because it occurs in more colors and color combinations than any other gemstone. * Geological Formation: It forms in pegmatites and has a complex chemical composition. * Gemological Properties: With a hardness of 7 to 7.5, it is durable enough for jewelry. It also exhibits strong pyroelectricity (generates an electrical charge when heated) and piezoelectricity (generates a charge under pressure). * Symbolism: Tourmaline is associated with creativity and inspiration.
Care and Cleaning: Both stones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water. Avoid harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures. Ultrasonic cleaners are not recommended for opal.
November: Topaz and Citrine
November is associated with the warm colors of yellow and orange.
Topaz: * History and Lore: The name topaz may derive from the Sanskrit word tapas meaning "fire." It was believed to have cooling properties and to prevent insomnia and asthma. Imperial Topaz, a rich orange-pink variety, is highly prized. * Geological Formation: A silicate mineral, topaz forms in igneous rocks like pegmatites. * Gemological Properties: With a hardness of 8, it is a very durable gemstone. It is also known for its property of attracting dust, which can help gemologists identify it. * Symbolism: Topaz represents love, affection, and strength.
Citrine: * History and Lore: Citrine, a variety of quartz, has been called the "merchant's stone" for its supposed ability to bring prosperity and success. Its warm color has long been associated with the sun and happiness. * Geological Formation: Its yellow-to-brownish-red color comes from traces of iron in its crystal structure. * Gemological Properties: With a hardness of 7, it is a durable and affordable gemstone. Much of the citrine on the market is heat-treated amethyst. * Symbolism: Citrine is a stone of imagination, self-healing, and tranquility.
Care and Cleaning: Both topaz and citrine are relatively easy to care for with warm, soapy water. Avoid sudden temperature changes and ultrasonic cleaners.
December: Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon
December offers a trio of gemstones, primarily in shades of blue.
Tanzanite: * History and Lore: Discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, tanzanite is one of the youngest gemstones to achieve major status. It is celebrated for its strong trichroism, showing blue, violet, and burgundy hues. * Geological Formation: A variety of zoisite, it is found in only one location in the world: the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. * Gemological Properties: It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7. It is often heat-treated to achieve its vivid blue and violet colors. * Symbolism: It symbolizes uniqueness and prosperity.
Turquoise: * History and Lore: One of the oldest known gemstones, turquoise has been prized by cultures from ancient Egypt to the Native American tribes of the American Southwest. It is considered a sacred stone and a powerful protector. * Geological Formation: It is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminum, formed in arid regions. * Gemological Properties: With a hardness of 5-6, it is relatively soft and porous. It is often stabilized with resin to improve its durability and color. * Symbolism: Turquoise represents protection, healing, and wisdom.
Zircon: * History and Lore: Not to be confused with synthetic cubic zirconia, natural zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth. Its high refractive index gives it exceptional brilliance. * Geological Formation: It is a common mineral found in many rocks, but gem-quality zircon is rare. * Gemological Properties: It has a high hardness of 7.5, but its brittleness requires careful handling. Blue zircon is often heat-treated from brownish zircon. * Symbolism: Zircon is associated with honor, purity, and wisdom.
Care and Cleaning: Clean all three stones with warm, soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, especially for turquoise and zircon.
Conclusion
The birthstone chart is more than a simple list of gemstones; it is a convergence of history, geology, and human culture. From the ancient belief in the protective powers of garnet and turquoise to the modern celebration of love symbolized by the diamond, each stone tells a story. The standardization of these stones by the jewelry industry has made them accessible, while the persistence of traditional alternatives ensures a connection to centuries of lore. Understanding the properties, origins, and meanings behind these twelve monthly gems enriches our appreciation for them, transforming them from mere ornaments into powerful symbols of identity and personal history. Whether chosen for their official designation, their symbolic meaning, or their sheer beauty, birthstones remain a cherished and enduring part of our cultural landscape.