The month of September is distinguished in the world of gemology by one of the most revered and historically significant stones in existence: the sapphire. While the deep, celestial blue of the sapphire is the most iconic representation of the September birthstone, the gemological family encompasses a spectrum of colors and holds a complex history. The official designation for the month is the blue sapphire, a gemstone that has been cherished for centuries by royalty, clergy, and mystics for its perceived wisdom, protection, and divine purity. The term "sapphire" itself is derived from the Latin sapphirus and Greek sappheiros, both translating to "blue," a testament to the color that has defined the stone since antiquity.
Although sapphire is the primary stone for September, historical and alternative traditions have also referenced other gems. However, the prominence of sapphire is undisputed in modern listings and trade standards. The significance of the stone extends beyond mere birth affiliation; it is also the traditional gift for the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, with the Star Sapphire specifically designated for the 65th. This dual role as a birthstone and an anniversary gem underscores its association with constancy, loyalty, and enduring truth. As we explore the multifaceted nature of the September birthstone, we will examine its geological origins, its storied past, its scientific properties, and the practical considerations for those who wish to own or care for this remarkable gem.
History and Lore
The history of the sapphire is as deep and layered as its signature hue. For thousands of years, this gem has been a symbol of power and spiritual insight. Ancient civilizations held the sapphire in the highest regard, weaving it into their mythology and religious practices. The ancient Persians, for instance, held a poetic belief that the earth rested upon a massive sapphire, and the reflection of this stone painted the sky blue. This lore connects the gem directly to the heavens, a theme that would recur throughout history.
In the medieval era, the sapphire became a favorite of the clergy and the nobility. It was believed to symbolize the purity of heaven and was often set into ecclesiastical rings and ornamentation. The stone was not merely decorative; it was thought to possess protective qualities. St. Jerome, one of the most renowned writers of early Christianity, regarded the sapphire as a gem that protected its wearer from captivity and brought peaceful thoughts over their enemies. It was also believed to gain the wearer favors from people of power and authority. Throughout the centuries, sapphire was consistently regarded as a gemstone of religious teachers, a tool for opening the mind to divine wisdom.
The transition of sapphire into the modern list of birthstones is a more recent development, though rooted in these ancient traditions. While the specific assignment of stones to months has evolved over time, the sapphire has maintained its position as the definitive gem for September. Its enduring presence in historical records and cultural narratives has solidified its status, ensuring that it remains the primary choice for those born in this autumnal month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). This is the same mineral family as the ruby, making them gemological siblings; the difference lies in the trace elements that color them. While chromium causes the red color in rubies, trace amounts of iron and titanium are responsible for the blue coloration in sapphires. These trace elements are incorporated into the crystal structure during its formation under intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust.
The formation of corundum requires specific geological conditions, primarily the presence of aluminum-rich and silica-poor rocks, such as certain metamorphic rocks or basalts. The crystals grow in metamorphic environments, often in rocks like mica schist or in gemstone gravels washed from such sources. The geological process is slow, allowing for the growth of large, transparent crystals that are suitable for faceting into gems.
Historically, the primary sources of sapphire have been located in Asia. The region of Kashmir (formerly part of British India) is legendary for producing the finest "cornflower blue" sapphires, which are characterized by their velvety texture and soft, luminous hue. These mines, discovered in the late 19th century, produced stones of exceptional quality, though production was limited and the gems are now extremely rare and valuable.
Another historically significant source is Myanmar (Burma), which has produced sapphires of intense, vivid blue, often with a slight violet undertone. Sri Lanka, known as the "Island of Gems," is another major source that has been mined for over 2,000 years. Sri Lankan sapphires are renowned for their clarity and the wide range of colors they exhibit, including the prized deep blue, but also pinks, yellows, and greens. In more recent times, Madagascar has emerged as a significant producer of sapphires, yielding stones in a variety of colors and qualities that have impacted the global market. Australia, Thailand, and Cambodia are also notable sources, often producing sapphires with darker, inky blue tones that are sometimes treated to enhance their color.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and optical characteristics of sapphire is essential for appreciating its value and durability. As a member of the corundum family, it possesses a set of properties that make it one of the most desirable gemstones for jewelry.
- Hardness: Sapphire ranks a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This is second only to diamond, making it an exceptionally durable stone suitable for everyday wear. Its resistance to scratching and abrasion is a key reason for its popularity in engagement rings and other frequently worn jewelry.
- Chemical Composition: As noted, sapphire is aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with trace impurities of iron and titanium causing the blue color.
- Refractive Index: The refractive index of sapphire ranges from 1.762 to 1.770. This high index contributes to the stone's brilliance and luster when cut properly.
- Crystal System: Sapphire crystallizes in the trigonal system.
- Specific Gravity: Its specific gravity typically falls between 3.99 and 4.01.
- Luster: It exhibits a vitreous (glass-like) luster.
- Clarity: High-quality sapphires are typically "eye-clean," meaning they lack visible inclusions to the naked eye. However, inclusions are common and can actually help identify the stone's natural origin. A type of inclusion known as "silk" (fine, needle-like rutile inclusions) can cause a star effect (asterism) in cut cabochons, creating the highly valued Star Sapphire.
The color of sapphire is its most defining feature. While "sapphire" implies blue, the gem occurs in every color of the rainbow except red (which is classified as a ruby). These are known as "fancy" sapphires. Pink, yellow, and green sapphires are popular in jewelry, offering a more affordable alternative to the classic blue. Padparadscha, a rare and highly prized salmon-colored sapphire, is a particularly sought-after variety.
| Property | Value / Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum |
| Chemical Formula | Al2O3 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.770 |
| Key Trace Elements | Iron (Fe), Titanium (Ti) |
| Primary Colors | Blue, Pink, Yellow, Green, Padparadscha, White |
| Common Sources | Kashmir, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Australia |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The allure of sapphire extends beyond its physical beauty into the realm of symbolism and metaphysical properties. For centuries, the stone has been attributed with powers that influence the mind, body, and spirit. These beliefs are deeply ingrained in the cultural history of the gem and remain a significant factor in its appeal for many modern consumers.
The most prominent symbolic association of sapphire is with wisdom and intellectual clarity. It is often called the "Stone of Wisdom," believed to facilitate clear thinking, focus, and learning. This makes it a meaningful gift for students or anyone embarking on a new intellectual pursuit. The back-to-school nature of September aligns perfectly with this attribute.
Sapphire is also strongly linked to truth and sincerity. It was believed to reveal the truth of others and protect the wearer from deceit. This property made it a favored stone among judges and royalty in ancient times, who relied on it to discern honesty and make just decisions.
In terms of emotional and spiritual well-being, sapphire is said to bring peace of mind and serenity. It is associated with the throat chakra in crystal healing practices, which supports honest communication and self-expression. The stone is also believed to release mental tension and unwanted thoughts, promoting a calm and centered state.
Protection is another key theme in the lore of sapphire. It has long been considered a talisman against harm, both physical and spiritual. From protecting travelers to warding off evil spirits, sapphire has served as a powerful guardian stone throughout history. For those born in September, wearing sapphire is thought to invite this protective energy into their lives, offering a shield against negativity and misfortune.
Care and Cleaning
Given its exceptional hardness and durability, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for, making it an excellent choice for jewelry that is worn regularly. However, proper maintenance is still necessary to preserve its brilliance and structural integrity over time.
The high hardness of sapphire (9 on the Mohs scale) means it is resistant to scratching by most other materials, including dust and common substances. This durability allows it to be cleaned using a variety of methods without fear of damaging the stone itself. For routine cleaning, warm water, a mild soap (such as dish soap), and a soft brush (like a baby toothbrush) are sufficient. Gently scrubbing the stone and its setting will remove oils, dirt, and residue that can dull its appearance. It is important to rinse the jewelry thoroughly with clean water and dry it with a soft, lint-free cloth.
Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, provided the stone does not have significant fractures or inclusions that could be exacerbated by the vibrations or heat. However, caution should be exercised if the sapphire is set in a delicate mounting or if it has been treated in a way that might be affected by these methods. If the sapphire has been fracture-filled or coated, ultrasonic and steam cleaning should be avoided entirely.
When storing sapphire jewelry, it is best to keep it separate from other gems to prevent scratching. While sapphire can scratch other softer stones, diamonds (which are harder) can scratch sapphire. Therefore, a separate compartment in a jewelry box or a soft pouch is ideal. With these simple care practices, a sapphire can retain its stunning deep blue color and brilliant luster for generations, truly living up to its symbolism of constancy and enduring value.
Conclusion
The sapphire stands as the paramount birthstone for September, a gem defined by its deep blue color, exceptional hardness, and a rich tapestry of history and symbolism. From the ancient belief that it painted the sky to its modern status as a gemstone of wisdom, loyalty, and protection, the sapphire has maintained a consistent position of high esteem. Its geological formation as a variety of corundum, colored by traces of iron and titanium, results in a stone that is both beautiful and remarkably durable, making it a practical and meaningful choice for all forms of jewelry. Whether valued for its metaphysical properties, its historical significance, or simply its breathtaking beauty, the sapphire remains a timeless treasure that perfectly captures the essence of the month of September.