The month of September is symbolically anchored by two remarkable gemstones: the sapphire and its traditional alternative, lapis lazuli. Both stones are celebrated for their profound blue hues, which have captivated humanity for millennia. While the sapphire is officially recognized as the primary birthstone, lapis lazuli holds a significant place in history as the alternative choice. These gems are not merely decorative; they are imbued with deep historical significance, specific geological origins, and a suite of gemological properties that make them highly prized. Their symbolism, which spans themes of wisdom, loyalty, and protection, has evolved from ancient lore to modern interpretations, solidifying their status as cherished talismans for those born in September. This article will explore the rich history, geological formation, gemological characteristics, and cultural symbolism of both sapphire and lapis lazuli, providing a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts, collectors, and anyone interested in the science and story behind these iconic stones.
History and Lore: A Journey Through Time
The historical narrative of September's birthstones is one of royal favor, spiritual significance, and enduring value. The sapphire, in particular, has been interwoven with human history as one of the four most prized precious gemstones, alongside the diamond, emerald, and ruby. Its name itself is a testament to its long-standing identity, derived from the Latin sapphirus and the Greek sappheiros, both of which translate to 'blue' or refer broadly to 'precious stones'. This linguistic root underscores the stone's primary association with its iconic color.
Throughout the Middle Ages, the sapphire was believed to be a stone of great protective power. Historical accounts suggest it was revered for its ability to shield loved ones from harm. Beyond physical protection, it became a powerful symbol of intangible virtues: loyalty, trust, and sincerity. These qualities made it a favored gem for royalty and clergy, who saw in its deep blue the color of the heavens and a reflection of divine wisdom. The stone's connection to truth and purity further cemented its role in ceremonial and regal adornments. In more recent times, the sapphire's symbolic value has been formalized in the tradition of wedding anniversaries. It is the designated gift for both the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, representing the lasting qualities of a committed relationship. The Star Sapphire is specifically recognized as the traditional gift for the 65th anniversary.
Lapis Lazuli, while the alternative birthstone, possesses an equally rich and ancient history. Its use predates the sapphire in many ancient civilizations, particularly in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The name "lapis lazuli" is derived from the Latin lapis (stone) and the Persian lazhuward (blue). It was not only used in jewelry but was also ground into powder to create ultramarine, one of the most expensive and revered pigments in Renaissance painting, used for the robes of the Virgin Mary. This dual role as both a gem and a pigment highlights its immense cultural and economic importance. While the provided sources focus more on the sapphire's historical symbolism, the traditional inclusion of lapis lazuli as a September birthstone connects modern wearers to this deep lineage of artistic and spiritual use.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the origins of these gemstones reveals a fascinating story of geological processes. The two stones, while both blue, are fundamentally different in their composition and formation.
Sapphire Sapphire is a variety of the mineral species corundum, which is a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). This is the same mineral family as the ruby, with the distinction being that sapphire encompasses all corundum colors except red. The brilliant blue color of a sapphire is caused by trace amounts of impurities, specifically iron and titanium, within the crystal lattice. The formation of sapphire occurs under specific and intense geological conditions: high temperatures and high pressures deep within the Earth's crust. These conditions are typically found in metamorphic rocks, such as gneiss and schist, or in certain igneous rocks like basalt. The primary sources of sapphire are found in countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Australia, and parts of Africa and the United States (Montana). Each location can produce sapphires with slightly different color characteristics due to variations in their trace element composition.
Lapis Lazuli In contrast, lapis lazuli is not a single mineral but an aggregate rock composed of multiple minerals. Its rich, royal blue color primarily comes from the presence of the mineral lazurite, a complex feldspathoid silicate. However, lapis lazuli also typically contains calcite (which appears as white veins or patches) and pyrite (small, metallic-looking gold flecks). The most prized lapis lazuli is one that has a deep, uniform blue color with minimal calcite and a scattering of golden pyrite, which is often likened to stars in a night sky. Lapis lazuli is formed through the metamorphism of limestone. The most historically significant and famous source of high-quality lapis lazuli is the Sar-i Sang mine in the Badakhshan province of Afghanistan, which has been in operation for over 6,000 years. Other sources include Chile and Russia.
Gemological Properties
The distinct chemical and physical nature of sapphire and lapis lazuli results in very different gemological properties, which are crucial for identification, valuation, and care.
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral Species/Composition | Corundum (Al₂O₃) | Aggregate (primarily Lazurite, Calcite, Pyrite) |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 9 | 5 - 5.5 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal | Isometric (for Lazurite component) |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.770 | ~1.50 (for Lazurite) |
| Key Identifying Features | Vitreous luster, high hardness, typical inclusions | Deep blue color, presence of calcite (white) and pyrite (gold) flecks |
Sapphire: The Epitome of Durability Sapphire is renowned for its exceptional hardness, rating a 9 on the Mohs scale. This makes it second only to the diamond in hardness among naturally occurring gems. This durability is a primary reason for its popularity in all types of jewelry, especially for pieces like rings and bracelets that are subject to daily wear. Its high refractive index contributes to its brilliance and sparkle when properly cut. The color of sapphire is its most valued characteristic, with the "pure, rich blue" being the most desired. However, as noted in the sources, sapphires occur in a wide spectrum of colors, including pink, yellow, and green, as long as they are from the corundum species. These are often referred to as "fancy sapphires."
Lapis Lazuli: A Softer, Opaque Gem With a hardness of only 5 to 5.5 on the Mohs scale, lapis lazuli is significantly softer than sapphire. This means it is more susceptible to scratches and damage from everyday abrasion. Consequently, it is often used in pendants, earrings, and beads rather than in rings that might be knocked against hard surfaces. Its luster is typically dull to vitreous when polished. Identification of lapis lazuli is straightforward due to its unique combination of a deep blue base with distinct white calcite veins and the tell-tale metallic sparkles of pyrite. Unlike the transparent, faceted sapphire, lapis lazuli is almost always cut en cabochon (a smooth, rounded dome) or used as beads to best display its rich color and characteristic inclusions.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The allure of these gemstones extends beyond their physical beauty into the realm of symbolism and metaphysical properties. For centuries, they have been believed to hold powers that can influence the wearer's life and spirit.
The sapphire is overwhelmingly associated with wisdom, mental clarity, and truth. It is believed to stimulate the mind, enhancing focus and intellectual pursuits. This connection to wisdom makes it a stone of choice for scholars and those in positions requiring sound judgment. Its protective qualities are also prominent; it is said to ward off negative energies and promote spiritual enlightenment, bringing inner peace and serenity to its wearer. Furthermore, the sapphire is a powerful symbol of integrity, sincerity, and loyalty. It is believed to foster honesty and strengthen fidelity in relationships, which explains its deep connection to romantic commitments and wedding anniversaries.
Lapis Lazuli also carries a strong legacy of metaphysical beliefs. Its deep blue color has long been associated with the night sky, truth, and royalty. In ancient times, it was considered a stone of wisdom and vision. It is believed to enhance intellectual ability, stimulate the higher mind, and facilitate spiritual insight. Like the sapphire, it is also regarded as a protective stone, guarding against psychic attacks and negative energy. It is thought to promote honesty and clarity in communication, helping the wearer to express their truth.
For those born in September, the sources indicate that the zodiac sign is primarily Virgo (August 23 - September 22), with the latter part of the month falling under Libra (September 23 - October 22). Blue sapphire is listed as a key birthstone for Virgo, while lapis lazuli is associated with Libra. The symbolism of these stones aligns with the traits often attributed to these signs—Virgo's analytical nature is complemented by sapphire's enhancement of mental clarity, while Libra's pursuit of harmony is supported by the inner peace and balance these stones are said to bring.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone, and the differing properties of sapphire and lapis lazuli demand distinct approaches.
Caring for Sapphire Thanks to its exceptional hardness (Mohs 9), sapphire is a very resilient gemstone. It can be safely cleaned using a variety of methods. For routine cleaning, warm water, a mild soap (like dish soap), and a soft brush are sufficient. It is also safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner and steam cleaners, which are often used by professional jewelers. However, it is always wise to inspect the stone for any fractures or inclusions before using these more intense methods, as existing damage could be exacerbated.
Caring for Lapis Lazuli Due to its lower hardness (Mohs 5-5.5) and its composition as an aggregate, lapis lazuli requires much gentler care. It should never be cleaned in an ultrasonic or steam cleaner, as the heat and vibrations can damage the stone. The best method for cleaning lapis lazuli jewelry is to simply wipe it with a soft, damp cloth. If necessary, a small amount of mild soap can be used, but the stone should be dried immediately and thoroughly. It is also important to protect lapis lazuli from chemicals, cosmetics, and even perspiration, which can dull its polish or alter its color over time. When storing, keep it separately from other, harder jewelry to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Sapphire and lapis lazuli, the traditional birthstones of September, represent a perfect marriage of profound beauty and enduring significance. The sapphire, a member of the corundum family, stands as a beacon of durability, wisdom, and loyalty, its hardness and brilliant blue color making it a timeless choice for fine jewelry. Lapis lazuli, an aggregate of minerals, offers a deeper, more celestial blue, rich with the history of ancient civilizations and the artistic legacy of master painters. While they differ greatly in their physical properties and care requirements, both stones are united by their deep connection to themes of truth, protection, and inner peace. For the individual born in September, these gems offer more than just a beautiful adornment; they carry a legacy of historical reverence and a symbolic promise of wisdom and integrity, making them truly worthy of their esteemed place in the world of gemstones.