Peridot, the vibrant green variety of the mineral olivine, stands as the official birthstone for the month of August. Distinguished by its singular color range and unique geological origins, this gem has captivated civilizations for millennia. Unlike many other gemstones that occur in a spectrum of colors, peridot is found exclusively in shades of green, ranging from yellowish-green to olive. Its history is rich with legend, often being mistaken for emeralds in the treasures of ancient royalty. Today, peridot remains a popular choice for jewelry, particularly in sentimental pieces designed for mothers and loved ones, as evidenced by the extensive collections offered by jewelers such as James Avery, Belliston Jewelry, and Kendra Scott.
This article explores the multifaceted nature of peridot, tracing its journey from deep within the earth to the settings of modern jewelry. We will examine the historical significance that elevated it to a gem of the sun, the geological processes that bring it to the surface, and the specific gemological properties that define its identity. Furthermore, we will look at how contemporary jewelers utilize peridot to create meaningful tokens of affection, highlighting the design elements and craftsmanship that make these pieces enduring heirlooms.
History and Lore
The historical footprint of peridot is vast, stretching back to ancient civilizations on the Red Sea. One of the earliest known sources of peridot was Zabargad, an island in the Red Sea known historically as Topazios. The ancient Egyptians mined this gemstone extensively on the island, which was notoriously difficult to access due to treacherous waters and venomous snakes that guarded the shores. Despite these dangers, the Egyptians valued the stone immensely, calling it the "gem of the sun." They believed that peridot possessed protective qualities against night terrors and evil spirits, often carving the stones into amulets. It is widely believed that Cleopatra’s famous collection of emeralds may actually have been peridot, as many "emeralds" from ancient Egypt have been identified by modern gemologists as peridot.
During the medieval period, confusion between peridot and other green gemstones continued. The "Topaz of the Crown" in the Vienna Imperial Treasury, a massive 312-carat green gemstone, was originally thought to be topaz but is now identified as peridot. The gemstone also found its way into religious artifacts; the Ptolemaic Egyptians used it in the decoration of church vessels, and by the 18th century, it was being used in German cathedrals, most notably the Cologne Cathedral. However, the availability of large peridots declined for a time until significant deposits were rediscovered in the 20th century.
The journey of peridot to becoming a modern birthstone is a more recent development. While birthstone lists have evolved over time, the modern standardized list, widely used in the United States, designates peridot as the birthstone for August. This list was largely solidified in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), though it has undergone minor revisions since. For those born in August, peridot serves as a symbol of strength and positive energy, drawing on its ancient reputation as a protector and a source of light.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot possesses a unique geological origin compared to many other gemstones. While most gemstones are formed in the Earth’s crust, peridot is one of the few that is also found in the mantle, the layer of molten rock beneath the crust. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. The gem forms deep within the Earth’s upper mantle and is transported to the surface by tectonic activity and magma flows. This process explains why peridot is often found in basalalt lava flows.
In addition to volcanic origins, peridot is also found in peridotite, a type of igneous rock, and occasionally in meteorites, where it is known as "pallasite." The peridot found in meteorites is chemically identical to that found on Earth, though extraterrestrial peridot is rarely gem-quality.
Significant mining locations for peridot are scattered across the globe, offering a variety of characteristics in terms of size and quality. The United States is a notable source, specifically the state of Arizona. Arizona peridot is famous for its production of high-quality gems, often mined in the San Carlos Apache Reservation. New Mexico is another U.S. location mentioned as a source.
Outside the United States, some of the finest peridot comes from Pakistan, specifically the region near the border of Pakistan and the Kashmir area, where large crystals are found in high-altitude rock formations. Burma (Myanmar) is also a historic source, producing peridot that is highly regarded in the gem trade. China is another country where peridot is mined, contributing to the global supply. These diverse locations ensure that peridot remains available in a range of sizes, though large, high-quality stones remain relatively rare and valuable.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and chemical properties of peridot is essential for gemologists and collectors alike. Peridot is defined by its chemical composition and its optical characteristics, which distinguish it from other green gemstones like emerald or tourmaline.
Chemical Composition and Structure Peridot is the gemological name for the gem-quality variety of olivine. Its chemical formula is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, representing a solid solution between magnesium silicate (forsterite) and iron silicate (fayalite). The distinct green color of peridot is caused by the presence of iron within its crystal structure. Unlike many other colored gemstones, the color in peridot is not caused by trace impurities but is a fundamental part of its chemical makeup. This is why peridot is consistently green, regardless of the light source—a trait that the ancient Romans noted when they named it the "evening emerald."
Hardness and Durability On the Mohs scale of hardness, peridot ranks between 6.5 and 7. While this makes it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday jewelry, it is softer than sapphire or diamond (which rank 9 and 10, respectively). Consequently, peridot is susceptible to scratching if worn daily without care, particularly in rings or bracelets. It possesses "poor" cleavage, meaning it can split along internal planes if struck with sufficient force, making it somewhat fragile during the cutting and setting process.
Color and Clarity The color of peridot ranges from yellowish-green to a pure, vibrant olive-green. The most prized color is often described as a rich "lime" green with no brownish overtones. Because peridot forms in a magma environment, it often contains inclusions that are visible to the naked eye. However, unlike many other gems, these inclusions are generally accepted by the market and do not drastically reduce the value unless they compromise the stone's durability or visual appeal. Large stones of high quality are rare, and the price per carat increases significantly for gems over 5 to 10 carats.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 – 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 – 1.69 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Origin | Mantle (Volcanic), Meteorites |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has been attributed with various metaphysical powers throughout history, stemming from its association with the sun and its protective qualities. Ancient healers believed that peridot was a "gem of the sun" that could drive away darkness and fear. In traditional lore, it was said to aid in healing the physical body, particularly the heart, lungs, and spleen. It was believed to stabilize the nervous system and help heal emotional trauma.
In modern crystal healing and metaphysical circles, peridot is associated with abundance and prosperity. It is often called the "Stone of Compassion" and is believed to bring good fortune and open the heart to new relationships. For those born in August, it is thought to enhance confidence and assertiveness while simultaneously calming anger and jealousy.
The symbolism of peridot extends to its use in jewelry for mothers, as seen in the collections from jewelers like James Avery. In these contexts, peridot is not just a birthstone but a tangible symbol of love and connection. The gemstone’s bright green hue is often associated with renewal and growth, mirroring the nurturing relationship between a mother and her children. The act of gifting a peridot necklace or ring is often imbued with the intention of expressing affection and celebrating a bond that endures, much like the stone itself which is formed by the enduring heat of the Earth’s interior.
Peridot in Modern Jewelry and Design
The versatility of peridot has allowed it to become a staple in modern jewelry design, ranging from simple, elegant solitaires to intricate, personalized pieces. Jewelers utilize the gem’s vivid color to create striking contrasts with metals like sterling silver and 14K gold.
Design Trends Retailers such as James Avery, Belliston Jewelry, and Kendra Scott feature extensive collections of peridot jewelry, particularly for the August birthstone market. The designs often emphasize the gemstone's natural beauty through settings that maximize light exposure. For example, bezel settings are popular for protecting the stone while providing a sleek, modern look, whereas prong settings allow for maximum brilliance.
James Avery is noted for its sentimental designs, such as the "Wrapped Up In Love" heart necklace, which incorporates the birthstone into a design symbolizing affection. These pieces often feature adjustable chains, allowing for a customized fit, and are crafted in sterling silver or 14K gold. The brand also utilizes lab-created sapphires or aquamarines for other birth months, but for August, the focus remains on the natural peridot.
Personalized Jewelry The trend of personalized jewelry has seen a surge in demand for birthstone pieces. Jewelers offer items like the "Birthstone Name Bar Pendant" or "Stackable Birthstone Rings with Engraving." These designs allow customers to combine the specific birthstone with names, initials, or dates, creating a highly sentimental piece. The "Mothers Round Birthstone Necklace with Diamonds" is a prime example of how peridot is elevated by accenting it with other precious stones, creating a piece that serves as a family heirloom.
Craftsmanship and Materials The craftsmanship involved in setting peridot takes into account the stone's hardness and cleavage. Jewelers must be careful to avoid fractures during the setting process. The use of sterling silver provides a cool contrast to the warm green of the peridot, while 14K yellow gold brings out a warmer, more traditional aesthetic. The choice of metal is often a matter of personal preference, but both are durable enough for everyday wear provided the jewelry is cared for properly.
Care and Cleaning
To maintain the beauty and longevity of peridot jewelry, proper care is essential. Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot can be scratched by harder stones like diamonds, sapphires, and rubies. It is advisable to store peridot jewelry separately from other pieces to prevent abrasion.
Cleaning Methods Peridot is relatively stable, but it should not be subjected to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes, which can cause fractures. When cleaning peridot, warm soapy water and a soft brush (such as a toothbrush) are the most effective and safe methods. It is important to rinse the jewelry thoroughly to remove any soap residue, which can leave a film on the stone.
Ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners are generally not recommended for peridot, especially if the stone has inclusions or fractures. The vibrations from an ultrasonic cleaner can exacerbate existing cracks, and the high heat and pressure of steam cleaning can damage the gem. For routine maintenance, wiping the stone with a soft, lint-free cloth is sufficient to remove oils and dust.
Handling and Storage When wearing peridot rings or bracelets, it is best to remove them during physical activities or when working with harsh chemicals to avoid impact damage or exposure to acids, which can dull the stone's surface. For necklaces, it is recommended to unclasp them when not in use to reduce stress on the clasp and chain, ensuring the piece remains secure.
Conclusion
Peridot remains a gemstone of significant historical, geological, and cultural importance. Its identity as the birthstone for August is rooted in a legacy that spans from the mines of ancient Egypt to the volcanic fields of Arizona and the high altitudes of Pakistan. The gem's unique chemical composition allows it to maintain a consistent, vibrant green hue that has been revered for centuries as a symbol of the sun and a talisman against darkness.
In the contemporary jewelry market, peridot has found a special place in the hearts of consumers, particularly in pieces designed to celebrate family bonds, such as those offered by James Avery and other reputable jewelers. Whether set in a simple pendant or an elaborate ring, the stone’s brilliance and durability make it a lasting treasure. By understanding its properties and respecting its fragility, owners can ensure that their peridot jewelry remains a source of joy and a testament to the enduring allure of this "gem of the sun."