August is unique in the calendar of birthstones, offering a trio of distinct gemstones rather than a single option. This variety provides those born in the eighth month with a spectrum of choices, ranging from the ancient protective talismans to the vibrant green gems formed in the Earth’s mantle. The three official birthstones for August are Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx. Each stone carries a rich history, distinct geological origins, and unique symbolism, reflecting the diverse character of late summer.
The evolution of August’s birthstones tells a story of changing tastes and expanding gemological knowledge. Sardonyx, a banded variety of chalcedony, stands as the original August birthstone, with a history stretching back over four millennia to the civilizations of the ancient world. It was the first gemstone to be formally associated with the month. Over time, Peridot, a vibrant olive-green gem, gained prominence and eventually replaced Sardonyx in popularity, becoming the primary modern birthstone. Most recently, in 2016, Spinel was officially added to the list, offering a dazzling array of colors and acknowledging a gem that has often been mistaken for ruby throughout history. This article explores the geological formation, historical lore, gemological properties, and care instructions for each of these three remarkable stones.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun and the Mantle
Peridot is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow variety of the mineral olivine. It is a gemstone known for its singular color palette, ranging from the deepest olive to the palest lime. Unlike many gemstones that derive their color from trace impurities, Peridot’s hue is an intrinsic part of its chemical composition.
History and Lore
Throughout history, Peridot has been a gem of confusion, often mistaken for other precious stones. The Red Sea island of Topazios, a name that gave rise to the gemstone topaz, was in fact a source of Peridot. This historical misidentification is further illustrated by the gems decorating the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral. These 200 carats of gems were believed for centuries to be emeralds but are, in fact, Peridot. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous collection of emeralds may have also been comprised of Peridot.
The name “Peridot” is derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” This August birthstone was highly valued in many ancient and medieval cultures. The ancient Egyptians held Peridot in particularly high regard, calling it “the gem of the sun.” They believed it protected its wearer from terrors and could ward off evil spirits. Its association with the sun suggests it was thought to possess the power of light, bringing warmth and vitality.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation process is exceptionally rare among gemstones. It is one of the few gems, alongside diamonds, that is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle rather than in the crust. Under extreme conditions of intense heat and pressure, olivine crystals form. These crystals are then brought to the surface by volcanic activity, often found within the hardened lava that carries them from the deep Earth.
Adding to its mystique, Peridot is also found in meteorites that have fallen to Earth from outer space. This extraterrestrial origin makes it one of the only gemstones known to originate from outside our planet. These pallasite meteorites contain small, gem-quality crystals of Peridot, truly making it a stone from the stars. While sources in the provided materials do not specify modern mining locations, the gem's unique formation process is a key part of its identity.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is prized for its lively brilliance and distinctive color. Its physical properties make it a durable choice for jewelry, though it requires some care.
- Chemical Composition: (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ (Magnesium Iron Silicate)
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.65 to 1.69
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like)
With a hardness of 6.5 to 7, Peridot is suitable for all types of jewelry, including rings and daily-wear pieces. However, it is softer than sapphire or ruby (both at 9 on the Mohs scale) and can be scratched by harder materials. It has no cleavage, which means it is not prone to splitting along fracture planes, but it can be brittle and may chip if struck with sufficient force.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is associated with positive energy and well-being. It is said to symbolize joy, abundance, and healing. Metaphysical beliefs attribute to it the power to dispel negative emotions such as jealousy and resentment, promoting a sense of calm and contentment. Its connection to the sun suggests it can bring light to dark situations and foster growth and prosperity. As a protective stone, it was historically used to guard against nightmares and evil forces.
Care and Cleaning
To maintain the beauty of a Peridot, proper care is essential. Due to its hardness and lack of cleavage, it is relatively durable, but it can be damaged by sharp blows. Cleaning Peridot is straightforward; it can be washed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but steam cleaning is not recommended due to the risk of thermal shock. It is best to avoid sudden temperature changes and harsh chemicals to preserve the gem's vibrant color and integrity.
Spinel: The Underappreciated Master of Color
For centuries, Spinel was the unsung hero of the gem world, often living in the shadow of more famous stones. Red Spinel, in particular, was mistaken for ruby for hundreds of years, gracing the crowns of royalty under the assumption it was the more precious gem. Today, Spinel is finally receiving the recognition it deserves as a stunning and durable gemstone in its own right.
History and Lore
The history of Spinel is deeply intertwined with that of ruby. Many of the world’s most famous "rubies" have turned out to be Spinel. The Black Prince’s Ruby, a massive red Spinel that sits in the British Imperial State Crown, is a prime example. This gem was acquired in the 14th century and was believed to be a ruby for over 400 years. Similarly, the Timur Ruby, another historic red Spinel, was also mistaken for ruby.
This long history of misidentification led to Spinel being underappreciated. It was not until modern gemological science could definitively distinguish between the two (based on differences in hardness, refractive index, and crystal structure) that Spinel was truly celebrated for its own merits. In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association officially added Spinel to the list of modern birthstones for August, acknowledging its beauty and significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide (MgAl₂O₄) and forms in the metamorphic rock of marble and alluvial deposits. It is created under high temperatures and pressures, often in association with ruby and other gemstones. Its formation process gives it excellent clarity and durability. While the provided sources do not list specific modern mining locations, Spinel is known to come from sources in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Tajikistan.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is celebrated for its exceptional hardness and brilliance. It is available in a wider range of colors than almost any other gemstone, making it a versatile choice for jewelry.
| Property | Specification |
|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | MgAl₂O₄ (Magnesium Aluminum Oxide) |
| Hardness | 8 on the Mohs scale |
| Crystal System | Cubic |
| Refractive Index | 1.71 to 1.73 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
With a hardness of 8, Spinel is very durable and resistant to scratching, making it an excellent choice for rings, earrings, and other pieces that may encounter daily wear. It has no cleavage, adding to its toughness. Its refractive index is similar to that of ruby and sapphire, contributing to its high brilliance and fire.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Spinel is associated with revitalization and hope. It is said to symbolize renewal, vitality, and inspiration. Metaphysical beliefs suggest that Spinel can help alleviate stress and exhaustion, encouraging a more positive and energized outlook on life. It is considered a stone of new beginnings, perfect for those seeking to release old patterns and embrace change. The variety of colors in which Spinel appears is thought to correspond to different energies, with red and pink stones promoting passion and love, and blue stones encouraging calm and clarity.
Care and Cleaning
Spinel’s hardness of 8 makes it a very low-maintenance gemstone. It is durable enough to be used in any type of jewelry without fear of easy damage. Cleaning Spinel is simple: it can be safely cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is also resistant to most chemicals and can be cleaned using ultrasonic and steam cleaners, making it an ideal choice for everyday wear.
Sardonyx: The Ancient Stone of Strength
Sardonyx is the original August birthstone, a variety of banded chalcedony that has been used for millennia as a protective talisman. Its distinctive bands of reddish-brown and white have made it a favorite for cameos and intaglios since antiquity.
History and Lore
The history of Sardonyx dates back more than 4,000 years. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was highly regarded as a stone of strength and protection. Warriors and soldiers wore Sardonyx amulets and set them into rings, believing the stone would grant them courage, bravery, and victory in battle. It was also associated with happiness and clear communication.
Sardonyx was the first gemstone to be officially listed as the birthstone for August when the American Gem Association established the first modern birthstone list in 1912. While it has since been joined by Peridot and Spinel, Sardonyx remains the historical foundation of August’s gems. Its use in cameos and signet rings has been continuous since ancient times, prized for its ability to be carved into detailed designs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sardonyx is a composite gemstone, a form of chalcedony which is a microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is characterized by its alternating layers of sard (a reddish-brown variety of chalcedony) and onyx (a black and white variety of chalcedony). These bands are naturally formed within the rock and are cut and polished to highlight the contrasting colors. The provided sources do not specify modern mining locations for Sardonyx.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx shares the properties of other forms of chalcedony and quartz. Its value often lies more in the distinctness of its banding and the artistry of its cut rather than in brilliance or clarity.
- Chemical Composition: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
- Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale
- Crystal System: Trigonal (macrocrystalline) / Monoclinic (microcrystalline)
- Refractive Index: 1.53 to 1.54
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous
With a hardness of 7, Sardonyx is durable enough for most jewelry applications. It has no cleavage, making it relatively tough. It is typically cut en cabochon (a smooth, rounded dome) or carved into cameos and intaglios to best display its banding.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx is a stone of stability and protection. It is said to represent strength, stability, and protection. In metaphysical traditions, it is believed to enhance willpower, discipline, and courage. It is also associated with improved communication and self-confidence, making it a valuable stone for public speakers and leaders. Sardonyx is thought to bring stability to relationships and households, grounding its wearer and providing a shield against negative influences.
Care and Cleaning
Sardonyx is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush or cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, which could potentially damage the stone or any settings it may have. As with all gemstones, it is best to store Sardonyx jewelry separately to prevent it from being scratched by harder stones.
Conclusion
The three birthstones for August—Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx—offer a remarkable breadth of history, science, and symbolism. Sardonyx provides a direct link to the ancient world, a stone of courage and protection that has been cherished for over four millennia. Peridot, with its unique origins in both the Earth’s mantle and outer space, brings a vibrant green light and is associated with healing and abundance. Spinel, the newest addition, corrects a long-standing historical oversight, offering a brilliant and durable alternative in a rainbow of colors, symbolizing revitalization and hope.
This trinity of gemstones allows those born in August to choose a stone that truly resonates with their personal style and beliefs. Whether drawn to the ancient power of Sardonyx, the luminous glow of Peridot, or the vibrant energy of Spinel, August-born individuals have a rich heritage to celebrate. Each stone, with its distinct character, adds a touch of history, science, and meaning to the world of gemstones.