The gemstone associated with August 20th is Peridot, a gem celebrated for its distinct, vibrant green hue and a history that spans millennia. As the primary modern birthstone for the month of August, Peridot stands out for its unique geological origins and a lore deeply rooted in ancient solar worship. Unlike many gemstones that derive their color from trace impurities, Peridot’s yellowish-green to olive tones are intrinsic to its chemical composition as a variety of the mineral olivine. This article explores the multifaceted nature of Peridot, from its formation deep within the Earth and distant celestial origins to its historical significance and practical care, offering a comprehensive guide for enthusiasts and collectors alike.
History and Lore: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot possesses one of the most fascinating histories among all gemstones, with evidence of its use dating back to at least 1500 B.C. The earliest known mining operations for this gem occurred on the island of Zabargad, also known as St. John’s Island, located in the Red Sea. The ancient Egyptians were among the first to recognize and revere this stone, referring to it as the "gem of the sun." They believed Peridot possessed the power to harness the energy of their sun god, Ra, offering protection and strength to the wearer. This association with solar power and divine favor made it a highly prized stone in the ancient world.
The historical journey of Peridot is also marked by a persistent case of mistaken identity. Throughout history, this August birthstone has frequently been confused with other precious green gems, most notably emeralds and topazes. The Red Sea island of Topazios, a source that actually produced Peridot, is a purported origin for the name "topaz," leading to centuries of confusion. Perhaps the most famous example of this misidentification is found in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral. The 200-carat stones that adorn the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings, long believed to be emeralds, were centuries later confirmed to be Peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s renowned collection of emeralds may have, in fact, consisted of Peridot gems.
In the Middle Ages, the lore surrounding Peridot evolved to include spiritual and protective properties. It was worn to provide foresight and inspiration, while Romans utilized the stones as a talisman against enchantment and dark magic. This long-standing belief in its protective qualities contributed to its popularity in rings, amulets, and ecclesiastical jewelry. The gem’s allure has even extended into the modern era, with a significant discovery in 2005 confirming its extraterrestrial connection; Peridot was identified in comet dust collected by the Stardust space probe, cementing its status as a gem of both terrestrial and celestial origin.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation process is as unique as its color. It is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a common mineral found deep within the Earth’s mantle. Unlike many gems that crystallize in the Earth's crust, Peridot is brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It is often found in hardened lava, carried upward from the planet's depths. This volcanic origin explains why significant sources of Peridot are often linked to regions with active or ancient volcanic geology.
Beyond its terrestrial origins, Peridot is one of the few gemstones known to have an extraterrestrial source. It has been found in pallasite meteorites, which are stony-iron meteorites that formed in the early solar system. These meteorites, traveling from outer space, contain crystals of Peridot, offering tangible evidence of the gem’s cosmic history.
Historically, the primary source of Peridot was the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. While this source is largely depleted today, other locations have become important suppliers of this gem. Modern sources for Peridot include various locations in the United States, particularly Arizona and New Mexico, as well as deposits in Australia, Brazil, China, Kenya, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), Norway, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Tanzania. The gem's availability has increased due to these diverse mining locations, making it accessible to a global market.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is prized not only for its color but also for its distinct and measurable physical characteristics. Its identity as a member of the olivine family dictates its key gemological properties. The following table summarizes its primary characteristics based on gemological data:
| Property | Description / Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Olivine |
| Chemical Composition | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow; olive to brownish-green |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7.0 |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 - 1.69 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
One of the most remarkable features of Peridot is its color. It is one of the few gemstones that occurs in essentially only one color, though the specific shade can vary. The hue is determined by its iron content; higher iron concentrations result in a more olive or brownish tone, while lower concentrations produce a brighter, lime-green color. This intrinsic color, not caused by chemical impurities as with many other gems, is a defining characteristic.
With a Mohs hardness rating of 6.5 to 7.0, Peridot is moderately durable but is softer than many other popular gemstones, such as sapphire, ruby, or diamond. This relative softness means that while it is suitable for a variety of jewelry types, including rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets, it requires careful handling to avoid scratches, chips, or abrasions, especially in pieces intended for daily wear.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is rich in symbolism, much of it derived from its historical lore and its vibrant, life-affirming color. The ancient Egyptians’ designation of Peridot as the "gem of the sun" established its primary association with light, warmth, and energy. It is believed to harness the power of the sun to bring about positive transformations and to ward off darkness and fear.
In modern metaphysical beliefs, Peridot is strongly linked to the heart chakra, the spiritual center associated with love, compassion, and emotional balance. Its green color is seen as a direct connection to nature and the earth, promoting a sense of grounding and stability. For those born on August 20th, the stone is said to represent a connection between the physical and spiritual worlds, encouraging the wearer to remain grounded while pursuing their ambitions. It is viewed as a symbol of abundance, protection, and emotional healing. Peridot is also believed to attract good fortune, prosperity, and positive energy, serving as a constant reminder of one's inner strength and resilience. Its association with friendship and passion further enhances its appeal as a meaningful gift and personal talisman.
Care and Cleaning
Given its gemological properties, proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of Peridot jewelry. As noted, its Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7.0 makes it susceptible to damage from harder materials. When storing Peridot, it should be kept separate from other jewelry pieces, particularly those containing diamonds, sapphires, or rubies, to prevent scratching. It is advisable to store it in a soft-lined box or a separate pouch.
Cleaning Peridot is a straightforward process. To safely clean the gemstone, use a soft-bristle brush (such as a toothbrush) and a solution of mild dish soap and warm water. Gently scrub the stone and its setting, then rinse thoroughly with warm water and dry with a soft, lint-free cloth. It is important to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or its settings. With consistent and gentle care, Peridot jewelry can retain its radiant glow for generations.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a testament to the enduring appeal of gemstones that combine scientific uniqueness with a rich tapestry of human history. As the primary birthstone for August 20th, it offers a vibrant green hue that is intrinsic to its very being, setting it apart from its gemstone peers. Its origins, ranging from the volcanic depths of the Earth to the silent expanse of outer space, provide a compelling geological narrative. The historical reverence from ancient Egyptians to medieval Europeans underscores its timeless value. Symbolizing light, protection, and emotional healing, Peridot remains a cherished gem for those born in August. While its moderate hardness necessitates mindful care, its captivating color and profound legacy ensure its continued prominence in the world of fine jewelry and gemology.