History and Lore
The history of aquamarine is as deep and storied as the waters it resembles. The gemstone’s name was first recorded in a significant gemological work by Anselmus de Boodt in 1609, though its use as a prized gem dates back much further. Its name, meaning "seawater," has linked it to the ocean throughout its history. Ancient sailors believed that aquamarine was a treasure from the mermaids and that it possessed the power to ensure a safe and prosperous voyage across turbulent seas. It was considered the stone of courage and was often worn as a talisman for protection.
In the 19th century, the gemstone’s popularity surged, with sea-green varieties being particularly favored by the public. This preference for greenish-blue tones reflects the diverse color range of the aquamarine crystal. However, aesthetic tastes evolved over time. Today, the market places the highest value on stones with a more distinctly blue coloration, a shift that has influenced mining and cutting practices. The most significant discovery of aquamarine occurred in 1910 in Brazil, where a single crystal weighing 243 pounds was unearthed. This colossal specimen was later cut into smaller gems, yielding a staggering total of over 200,000 carats, a testament to the remarkable size that aquamarine crystals can achieve. This discovery cemented Brazil's reputation as a primary source for high-quality aquamarine.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, a cyclosilicate. It forms within large, hexagonal crystals deep within the Earth's crust. These crystals grow in pegmatites—coarse-grained igneous rocks—under specific conditions of heat and pressure. The signature blue-to-blue-green color of aquamarine is caused by trace amounts of iron within its chemical structure. The presence and oxidation state of this iron determine the exact shade, ranging from pale, almost colorless blue to a deep, saturated sky blue.
The primary and most renowned source of aquamarine is Brazil, particularly the states of Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul. Brazilian aquamarines are famous for their exceptional size and clarity. Other notable sources include Pakistan, known for its intensely blue stones often found in pegmatites in the Skardu region, and Madagascar, which produces a wide spectrum of colors. The United States, specifically the state of Maine, has also been a historical source, with its state gem being aquamarine.
The provided information specifically notes the origins of some aquamarine gemstones as Brazil and China. This indicates that while Brazil remains a dominant force in the market, other regions also contribute to the global supply, offering stones that may vary in characteristics based on their geological environment.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine is prized by jewelers and consumers alike for its combination of beauty and resilience. Its properties make it an excellent choice for rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets intended for regular wear.
Color and Clarity: The most defining characteristic of aquamarine is its color, which is typically a cool, calming blue. The highest quality stones are described as being clear, transparent, and "eye-clean," meaning they have no inclusions visible to the naked eye. Aquamarine gemstones are renowned for their excellent transparency and clarity, which allows them to display a brilliant shine. While some stones may contain inclusions, those that are clean and transparent are the most highly valued.
Hardness and Durability: One of aquamarine's key advantages is its hardness. On the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, it rates between 7.5 and 8. This makes it a very durable gemstone, suitable for everyday jewelry without the high risk of scratching or breaking that comes with softer stones. It is significantly tougher than gems like opals or pearls. However, its hardness also means it can scratch other, softer gems if they are stored together. For this reason, it is advisable to keep aquamarine jewelry separate from other pieces in a jewelry box.
Cut and Carat: Due to its excellent clarity and hardness, aquamarine is often cut into large, faceted stones that showcase its color and brilliance. The large crystal sizes, like the one found in Brazil, allow for the creation of impressive, oversized gems that are rare in many other gemstone varieties.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Beryl |
| Chemical Formula | Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ (with iron for color) |
| Mohs Hardness | 7.5 - 8 |
| Color | Blue to blue-green |
| Common Cuts | Round, oval, emerald, pear |
| Typical Origins | Brazil, China, Pakistan, Madagascar |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its physical beauty, aquamarine is steeped in symbolism and is believed to possess various metaphysical properties. Its primary association is with the sea, which has imbued it with meanings of tranquility, courage, and emotional balance. It is often called the "stone of courage," and historically, soldiers wore it for protection and victory in battle.
In modern crystal healing and metaphysical beliefs, aquamarine is known as the gem of happiness and youth. It is said to soothe fears, reduce stress, and calm a turbulent mind, making it a popular stone for meditation and spiritual work. Its calming blue tones are thought to promote clear communication and self-expression. As the March birthstone, it is believed to bring its wearer good health, love, and a renewed sense of optimism. Some sources suggest that aquamarine is a powerful stone for activating the throat chakra, enhancing one's ability to speak their truth with clarity and compassion. While these beliefs are not scientifically verified, they contribute to the gemstone's enduring appeal and its significance as a meaningful gift.
Care and Cleaning
The durability of aquamarine makes it relatively easy to care for, ensuring its longevity and continued brilliance. Its hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale means it is resistant to everyday wear and tear, but proper cleaning and storage are still essential to maintain its luster.
To clean aquamarine jewelry, one can use a simple solution of warm water and mild soap. A soft-bristled toothbrush can be used to gently scrub the stone and its setting, removing any accumulated dirt or oils. After cleaning, rinse the jewelry thoroughly with warm water to remove any soap residue. For an extra sparkle, the piece can be polished with a soft, lint-free jewelry polishing cloth once it is completely dry.
It is important to avoid harsh chemicals, such as bleach or ammonia, as well as ultrasonic cleaners, which could potentially damage the stone or its setting, especially if the aquamarine has been fracture-filled. While aquamarine is quite hard, it is always wise to remove jewelry before engaging in activities that could cause a hard impact, such as heavy manual labor or sports, to prevent chipping. When storing aquamarine, keep it in a separate compartment or soft pouch away from other jewelry to prevent it from scratching softer stones.
Conclusion
Aquamarine stands as a testament to the enduring allure of nature's artistry. From its ancient origins as a sailor's talisman to its modern status as the celebrated birthstone of March, this gemstone has consistently been associated with the sea, tranquility, and courage. Its remarkable hardness and exceptional clarity make it not only a beautiful choice for jewelry but also a practical and durable one. Whether sourced from the rich mines of Brazil or other global locations, each aquamarine carries with it a legacy of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. For those born in March, or for anyone who appreciates a gemstone with a cool, classic style and a rich backstory, aquamarine remains a timeless and cherished choice.